Abstract
Background
Perceiving accurately that others are looking away from us (averted gaze) is as important, for social interactions, as perceiving that others are looking at us (direct gaze). However, previous studies have revealed that when the deflection angle of averted gaze is small, individuals tend to falsely perceive it as direct gaze. Oxytocin (OXT) has been shown to increase orientation to the eye region. Therefore, a critical question is whether and how OXT would facilitate the perception of ambiguous averted gaze.
Objectives
The present study aimed to measure the effects of OXT on the performance of males and females in distinguishing ambiguous averted gaze from direct gaze of different emotional faces.
Methods
In a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover experiment, 48 participants were presented successively two emotional faces with direct gaze (defined as 0, indicating the center of the eye) or averted gaze (defined as ±4, indicating the corner of the eye; +4 means that the iris moves 4 steps to the right; and −4 means that the iris moves 4 steps to the left) following intranasal oxytocin or placebo treatment and asked to make judgments on whether or not the two faces were the same in terms of identity. The interference effect of gaze direction was calculated by subtracting the mean accuracy and reaction time in the congruent gaze condition from those in the incongruent gaze condition. The logic of the measurement was if intranasal OXT would facilitate the detection of ambiguous averted gaze, we would observe a larger interference effect in the gaze incongruent condition compared with the gaze congruent condition, leading to longer RT or/and lower accuracy for identification judgment in the gaze incongruent condition.
Results
While there were no OXT effects in accuracy, we found a significant interaction between treatment, sex, and gaze congruency in reaction times. That is, following OXT as compared to placebo, women displayed stronger interference of gaze direction, whereas in men no significant difference was observed. Besides, this interaction did not vary across different emotional expressions.
Conclusions
Our findings provide the first evidence for sex-dependent effects of OXT on the perception of ambiguous averted gaze. Given potential therapeutic applications of OXT to patients with developmental and psychiatric disorders, who are characterized as atypical in encoding gaze features, the findings suggest that rather different treatment outcomes could be anticipated in males and females.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 31600883 to ZH, and 31600880 to SG) and Youth Science and Technology Star Project of Dalian (grant number 2017RQ140 to Z.H.).
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ZH conceived and designed the experiments. YZ and YS performed the experiments and analyzed the data. ZH and SG interpreted the results. YZ, ZH, YS, HJ, and SG wrote the manuscript. All authors revised and approved the manuscript.
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Zheng, Y., Shi, Y., Jia, H. et al. Intranasal oxytocin enhances the perception of ambiguous averted gaze in women but not in men. Psychopharmacology 238, 2021–2029 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05828-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05828-5