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Prescription psychostimulants for the treatment of stimulant use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Abstract

Rationale

Agonist-based pharmacologic intervention is an accepted approach in treatment of opioid and tobacco use disorders.

Objectives

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate usefulness of an agonist approach as treatment of (psycho)stimulant use disorder (PSUD).

Methods

We reviewed PubMed/Medline, LILACS, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases searching for randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-design studies evaluating outcomes of individuals treated for cocaine- or amphetamine-type substance use disorder. We combined results of all trials that included the following prescription psychostimulants (PPs): modafinil, methylphenidate, or amphetamines (mixed amphetamine salts, lisdexamphetamine, and dextroamphetamine). The combined sample consisted of 2889 patients. Outcomes of interest included the following: drug abstinence (defined as 2–3 weeks of sustained abstinence and the average maximum days of consecutive abstinence), percentage of drug-negative urine tests across trial, and retention in treatment. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses and assessed quality of evidence using the GRADE system.

Results

Thirty-eight trials were included. Treatment with PPs increases rates of sustained abstinence [risk ratio (RR) = 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) = (1.10, 1.92)] and duration of abstinence [mean difference (MD) = 3.34, 95% CI = (1.06, 5.62)] in patients with PSUD, particularly those with cocaine use disorder (very low-quality evidence). Prescription amphetamines were particularly efficacious in promoting sustained abstinence in patients with cocaine use disorder [RR = 2.44, 95% CI = (1.66, 3.58)], and higher doses of PPs were particularly efficacious for treatment of cocaine use disorder [RR = 1.95, 95% CI = (1.38, 2.77)] (moderate-quality evidence). Treatment with prescription amphetamines also yielded more cocaine-negative urines [MD = 8.37%, 95% CI = (3.75, 12.98)]. There was no effect of PPs on the retention in treatment.

Conclusion

Prescription psychostimulants, particularly prescription amphetamines given in robust doses, have a clinically significant beneficial effect to promote abstinence in the treatment of individuals with PSUD, specifically the population with cocaine use disorder.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil

    Vitor S. Tardelli, Felipe B. Arcadepani & Thiago M. Fidalgo

  2. Division of Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Adam Bisaga & Frances R. Levin

  3. Drug Prevention and Health Branch, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna, Austria

    Gilberto Gerra

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  1. Vitor S. Tardelli
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  2. Adam Bisaga
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  6. Thiago M. Fidalgo
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Correspondence to Vitor S. Tardelli.

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Tardelli, V.S., Bisaga, A., Arcadepani, F.B. et al. Prescription psychostimulants for the treatment of stimulant use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology 237, 2233–2255 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05563-3

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