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Rivastigmine but not vardenafil reverses cannabis-induced impairment of verbal memory in healthy humans

Psychopharmacology volume 232, pages 343–353 (2015)Cite this article

Abstract

Rationale

One of the most often reported cognitive deficits of acute cannabis administration is an impaired recall of previously learned information.

Objective

The aim of the present study was to determine whether cannabis-induced memory impairment in humans is mediated via glutamatergic or cholinergic pathways.

Methods

Fifteen occasional cannabis users participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, six-way cross-over study. On separate test days, subjects received combinations of pretreatment (placebo, vardenafil 20 mg or rivastigmine 3 mg) and treatment (placebo or 1,376 mg cannabis/kg body weight). Cognitive tests were administered immediately after inhalation of treatment was finished and included measures of memory (visual verbal learning task, prospective memory test, Sternberg memory test), perceptual-motor control (critical tracking task), attention (divided attention task) and motor impulsivity (stop signal task).

Results

The results of this study demonstrate that subjects under the influence of cannabis were impaired in all memory tasks, in critical tracking, divided attention and the stop signal task. Pretreatment with rivastigmine attenuated the effect of cannabis on delayed recall and showed a trend towards significance on immediate recall. When cannabis was given in combination with vardenafil, there were no significant interaction effects in any of the tasks.

Conclusions

The present data therefore suggest that acetylcholine plays an important role in cannabis-induced memory impairment, whereas similar results for glutamate have not been demonstrated in this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, Netherlands

    E. L. Theunissen, P. Heckman, E. B. de Sousa Fernandes Perna, K. P. C. Kuypers, A. Sambeth, A. Blokland & J. G. Ramaekers

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands

    J. Prickaerts

  3. Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

    S. W. Toennes

Authors
  1. E. L. Theunissen
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  2. P. Heckman
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  3. E. B. de Sousa Fernandes Perna
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  4. K. P. C. Kuypers
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  9. J. G. Ramaekers
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Correspondence to E. L. Theunissen.

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Theunissen, E.L., Heckman, P., de Sousa Fernandes Perna, E.B. et al. Rivastigmine but not vardenafil reverses cannabis-induced impairment of verbal memory in healthy humans. Psychopharmacology 232, 343–353 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3667-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3667-2

Keywords

  • Memory
  • Cannabis
  • Glutamate
  • Acetylcholine