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Effects of stressors on the reinforcing efficacy of nicotine in adolescent and adult rats

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Abstract

Rationale and objectives

Stress increases drug intake. This depends on the stressor, drug, and aspect of drug seeking assessed. The objectives of these experiments done in adolescent and adult male rats were to (1) examine social defeat effects on acquisition of nicotine self-administration (SA) and the reinforcing efficacy of nicotine and (2) determine the effects of acute exposure to intermittent footshock (FS) or yohimbine on the reinforcing efficacy of nicotine.

Methods

In experiment 1, rats received four defeat exposures prior to nicotine SA acquisition and progressive ratio (PR) SA sessions (30 μg/kg nicotine/infusion). Exposure to an olfactory cue previously paired with defeat was also tested on responding maintained by nicotine on the PR schedule. In experiments 2 and 3, the effects of FS (5 and 10 min) or yohimbine (0.625 and 1.25 mg/kg, i.p.) on PR responding for nicotine (15, 30, or 60 μg/kg/infusion) were assessed. Adolescents were aged PD34-36 and adults PD81-85 at the beginning of nicotine SA training.

Results

Defeat did not affect nicotine SA acquisition. Prior exposure to defeat or a defeat-paired olfactory cue did not affect PR responding for nicotine. FS modestly decreased PR responding in adolescents at the middle nicotine infusion dose. Yohimbine increased PR responding independent of nicotine infusion dose and age.

Conclusions

Together with previous work with other drugs, our data indicate that the effects of stress on the reinforcing efficacy of nicotine are stressor- and drug-dependent. This suggests that there is heterogeneity among stressors on how they affect neuronal systems underlying drug intake.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a grant from the Canadian Psychiatric Research Foundation to ADL. We would like to thank Dr. Yavin Shaham of the National Institute on Drug Abuse for his valuable comments on the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S1, Canada

    Sheng Zou, Douglas Funk & A. D. Lê

  2. Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

    Megan J. Shram & A. D. Lê

  3. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

    A. D. Lê

  4. INC Research Toronto Inc., Toronto, Canada

    Megan J. Shram

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  1. Sheng Zou
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Correspondence to A. D. Lê.

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Zou, S., Funk, D., Shram, M.J. et al. Effects of stressors on the reinforcing efficacy of nicotine in adolescent and adult rats. Psychopharmacology 231, 1601–1614 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3314-3

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