Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Acute dopamine and/or serotonin depletion does not modulate mismatch negativity (MMN) in healthy human participants

  • Original Investigation
  • Published:
Psychopharmacology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Rationale

Schizophrenia is commonly associated with impairments in pre-attentive change detection, as represented by reduced mismatch negativity (MMN). While the neurochemical basis of MMN has been linked to N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor function, the roles of the dopaminergic and/or the serotonergic systems are not fully explored in humans.

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of acutely depleting dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) alone or simultaneously by depleting their amino acid precursors on MMN in healthy participants.

Methods

Sixteen healthy male subjects participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design in which each subject’s duration MMN was assessed under four acute treatment conditions separated by a 5-day washout period: balanced amino acid control (no depletion), tyrosine/phenylalanine depletion (to reduce DA neurotransmission), tryptophan depletion (to reduce 5-HT neurotransmission) and tryptophan/tyrosine/phenylalanine depletion (to reduce DA and 5-HT neurotransmission simultaneously).

Results

Acute depletion of either DA and 5-HT alone or simultaneously had no effect on MMN.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that modulation of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems acutely does not lead to changes in MMN.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abi-Dargham A, Laruelle M, Aghajanian GK, Charney D, Krystal J (1997) The role of serotonin in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 9:1–17

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baldeweg T, Klugman A, Gruzelier J, Hirsch SR (2004) Mismatch negativity potentials and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 69:203–217

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benkelfat C, Ellenbogen MA, Dean P, Palmour RM, Young SN (1994) Mood-lowering effect of tryptophan depletion. Enhanced susceptibility in young men at genetic risk for major affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:687–697

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bramon E, Croft RJ, McDonald C, Virdi GK, Gruzelier JG, Baldeweg T, Sham PC, Frangou S, Murray RM (2004) Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: a family study. Schizophr Res 67:1–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breier A (1995) Serotonin, schizophrenia and antipsychotic drug action. Schizophr Res 14:187–202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter LL, Anderson GM, Pelton GH, Gudin JA, Kirwin PD, Price LH, Heninger GR, McDougle CJ (1998) Tryptophan depletion during continuous CSF sampling in healthy human subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 19:26–35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Catts SV, Shelley AM, Ward PB, Lieber B, McConaghy N, Andrews S, Michie PT (1995) Brain potential evidence for an auditory sensory memory deficit in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 152:213–219

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Checkley SA (1980) Neuroendocrine tests of monoamine function in man: a review of basic theory and its application to the study of depressive illness. Psychol Med 10:35–53

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis KL, Kahn RS, Ko G, Davidson M (1991) Dopamine in schizophrenia: a review and reconceptualization. Am J Psychiatry 148:1474–1486

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Matteo V, Di Giovanni G, Pierucci M, Esposito E (2008) Serotonin control of central dopaminergic function: focus on in vivo microdialysis studies. Prog Brain Res 172:7–44

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esposito E, Di Matteo V, Di Giovanni G (2008) Serotonin–dopamine interaction: an overview. Prog Brain Res 172:3–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giard MH, Lavikainen J, Reinikainen K, Perrin F, Bertrand O, Pernier J, Näätänen R (1995) Separate representation of stimulus frequency, intensity and duration in auditory sensory memory: an event-related potential and dipole-model analysis. J Cogn Neurosci 7:133–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grace AA (1991) Phasic versus tonic dopamine release and the modulation of dopamine system responsivity: a hypothesis for the etiology of schizophrenia. Neuroscience 41:1–24

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guiard BP, El Mansari M, Merali Z, Blier P (2008) Functional interactions between dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine neurons: an in-vivo electrophysiological study in rats with monoaminergic lesions. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 11(5):625–639

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harmer CJ, McTavish SF, Clark L, Goodwin GM, Cowen PJ (2001) Tyrosine depletion attenuates dopamine function in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 154:105–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison BJ, Olver JS, Norman TR, Burrows GD, Wesnes KA, Nathan PJ (2004) Selective effects of acute serotonin and catecholamine depletion on memory in healthy women. J Psychopharmacol 18:32–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes JM, Matrenza C, Kemp AH, Harrison BJ, Liley D, Nathan PJ (2004) Selective effects of simultaneous monoamine depletion on mood and emotional responsiveness. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 7:9–17

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Javitt DC, Zukin SR (1991) Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 148(10):1301–1308

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Javitt DC, Doneshka P, Zylberman I, Ritter W, Vaughan HG Jr (1993) Impairment of early cortical processing in schizophrenia: an event-related potential confirmation study. Biol Psychiatry 33:513–519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Javitt DC, Steinschneider M, Schroeder CE, Arezzo JC (1996) Role of cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in auditory sensory memory and mismatch negativity generation: implications for schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:11962–11967

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kähkönen S, Ahveninen J, Jaaskelainen IP, Kaakkola S, Naatanen R, Huttunen J, Pekkonen E (2001) Effects of haloperidol on selective attention: a combined whole-head MEG and high-resolution EEG study. Neuropsychopharmacology 25:498–504

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kähkönen S, Ahveninen J, Pekkonen E, Kaakkola S, Huttunen J, Ilmoniemi RJ, Jääskeläinen IP (2002) Dopamine modulates involuntary attention shifting and reorienting: an electromagnetic study. Clin Neurophysiol 113:1894–1902

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kähkönen S, Makinen V, Jaaskelainen IP, Pennanen S, Liesivuori J, Ahveninen J (2005) Serotonergic modulation of mismatch negativity. Psychiatry Res 138:61–74

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kapur S, Remington G (1996) Serotonin-dopamine interaction and its relevance to schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 153:466–476

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kapur S, Seeman P (2002) NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine and PCP have direct effects on the dopamine D(2) and serotonin 5-HT(2)receptors—implications for models of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 7:837–844

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knott VJ, Howson AL, Perugini M, Ravindran AV, Young SN (1999) The effect of acute tryptophan depletion and fenfluramine on quantitative EEG and mood in healthy male subjects. Biol Psychiatry 46:229–238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korostenskaja M, Nikulin VV, Kicic D, Nikulina AV, Kahkonen S (2007) Effects of NMDA receptor antagonist memantine on mismatch negativity. Brain Res Bull 72:275–283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korostenskaja M, Kicić D, Kähkönen S (2008) The effect of methylphenidate on auditory information processing in healthy volunteers: a combined EEG/MEG study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 197:475–486

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Rosburg T, Demme U, Gaser E, Nowak H, Sauer H (2001) Effect of ketamine on the neuromagnetic mismatch field in healthy humans. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 12:109–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leung S, Croft RJ, Baldeweg T, Nathan PJ (2007) Acute dopamine D(1) and D(2) receptor stimulation does not modulate mismatch negativity (MMN) in healthy human subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 194:443–451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leung S, Croft RJ, O’Neill BV, Nathan PJ (2008) Acute high-dose glycine attenuates mismatch negativity (MMN) in healthy human controls. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 196:451–460

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leyton M, Pun VK, Benkelfat C, Young SN (2003) A new method for rapidly and simultaneously decreasing serotonin and catecholamine synthesis in humans. J Psychiatry Neurosci 28:464–467

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leyton M, Dagher A, Boileau I, Casey K, Baker GB, Diksic M, Gunn R, Young SN, Benkelfat C (2004) Decreasing amphetamine-induced dopamine release by acute phenylalanine/tyrosine depletion: a PET/[11C]raclopride study in healthy men. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:427–432

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Light GA, Braff DL (2005a) Mismatch negativity deficits are associated with poor functioning in schizophrenia patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:127–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Light GA, Braff DL (2005b) Stability of mismatch negativity deficits and their relationship to functional impairments in chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 162:1741–1743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann C, Croft RJ, Scholes KE, Dunne A, O’Neill BV, Leung S, Copolov D, Phan KL, Nathan PJ (2008) Differential effects of acute serotonin and dopamine depletion on prepulse inhibition and p50 suppression measures of sensorimotor and sensory gating in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:1653–1666

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matrenza C, Hughes JM, Kemp AH, Wesnes KA, Harrison BJ, Nathan PJ (2004) Simultaneous depletion of serotonin and catecholamines impairs sustained attention in healthy female subjects without affecting learning and memory. J Psychopharmacol 18:21–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McTavish SF, Callado L, Cowen PJ, Sharp T (1999a) Comparison of the effects of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine and a tyrosine-free amino acid load on extracellular noradrenaline in the rat hippocampus in vivo. J Psychopharmacol 13:379–384

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McTavish SF, Cowen PJ, Sharp T (1999b) Effect of a tyrosine-free amino acid mixture on regional brain catecholamine synthesis and release. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 141:182–188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McTavish SF, McPherson MH, Harmer CH, Clark L, Sharp T, Goodwin GM, Cowen PJ (2001a) Antidopaminergic effects of dietary tyrosine depletion in healthy subjects and patients with manic illness. Br J Psychiatry 179:356–360

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McTavish SF, Raumann B, Cowen PJ, Sharp T (2001b) Tyrosine depletion attenuates the behavioural stimulant effects of amphetamine and cocaine in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 424:115–119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta MA, Gumaste D, Montgomery AJ, McTavish SF, Grasby PM (2005) The effects of acute tyrosine and phenylalanine depletion on spatial working memory and planning in healthy volunteers are predicted by changes in striatal dopamine levels. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 180:654–663

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michie PT, Budd TW, Todd J, Rock D, Wichmann H, Box J, Jablensky AV (2000) Duration and frequency mismatch negativity in schizophrenia. Clin Neurophysiol 111:1054–1065

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moja E, Stoff D, Gessa G, Castoldi D, Assereto R, Tofanetti O (1988) Decrease in plasma tryptophan after tryptophan-free amino acid mixtures in man. Life Sci 42(16):1551–1556

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery AJ, McTavish SF, Cowen PJ, Grasby PM (2003) Reduction of brain dopamine concentration with dietary tyrosine plus phenylalanine depletion: an [11C]raclopride PET study. Am J Psychiatry 160:1887–1889

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Näätänen R (1992) Attention and brain function. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale

    Google Scholar 

  • Näätänen R (2000) Mismatch negativity (MMN): perspectives for application. Int J Psychophysiol 37:3–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Näätänen R, Michie PT (1979) Early selective-attention effects on the evoked potential: a critical review and reinterpretation. Biol Psychol 8:81–136

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Näätänen R, Winkler I (1999) The concept of auditory stimulus representation in cognitive neuroscience. Psychol Bull 125:826–859

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nathan PJ, Hughes JM, McInerney B, Harrison BJ (2004) Simultaneous depletion of tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine as an experimental method to probe brain monoamine function in humans. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 7:171–176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neuhaus AH, Goldberg TE, Hassoun Y, Bates JA, Nassauer KW, Sevy S, Opgen-Rhein C, Malhotra AK (2009) Acute dopamine depletion with branched chain amino acids decreases auditory top-down event-related potentials in healthy subjects. Schizophr Res 111(1–3):167–173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nishizawa S, Benkelfat C, Young SN, Leyton M, Mzengeza S, De Montigny C, Blier P, Diksic M (1997) Differences between males and females in rates of serotonin synthesis in human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:5308–5313

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill BV, Guille V, Croft RJ, Leung S, Scholes KE, Phan K, Nathan PJ (2008) Effects of selective and combined serotonin and dopamine depletion on the loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) in humans. Hum Psychopharmacol 23:301–312

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oranje B, van Bercekl BNM, Kemner C, van Ree JM, Kahn RS, Verbaten MN (2000) The effects of a sub-anaesthetic dose of ketamine on human selective attention. Neuropsychopharmacology 22:293–302

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oranje B, Jensen K, Wienberg M, Glenthoj BY (2008) Divergent effects of increased serotonergic activity on psychophysiological parameters of human attention. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 11:453–463

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pang EW, Fowler B (1999) Dissociation of the mismatch negativity and processing negativity attentional waveforms with nitrous oxide. Psychophysiology 36:552–558

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pekkonen E, Hirvonen J, Ahveninen J, Kähkönen S, Kaakkola S, Huttunen J, Jääskeläinen IP (2002) Memory-based comparison process not attenuated by Haloperidol: a combined MEG and EEG study. NeuroReport 13:177–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rinne T, Alho K, Ilmoniemi RJ, Virtanen J, Näätänen R (2000) Separate time behaviors of the temporal and frontal mismatch negativity sources. Neuroimage 12:14–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roccatagliata G, Albano C, Cocito L, Maffini M (1979) Interactions between central monoaminergic systems: dopamine–serotonin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 42:1159–1162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sambeth A, Blokland A, Harmer CJ, Kilkens TO, Nathan PJ, Porter RJ, Schmitt JA, Scholtissen B, Sobcza S, Young AH, Riedel WJ (2007) Sex differences in the effect of acute tryptophan depletion on declarative episodic memory: a pooled analysis of nine studies. Neurosci Biobehavl Rev 31:516–529

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schirmer A, Escoffier N, Li QY, Li H, Strafford-Wilson J, Wi L (2008) What grabs his attention but not hers? Estrogen correlates with neurophysiological measures of vocal change detection. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 33(6):718–727

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scholes KE, Harrison BJ, O’Neill BV, Leung S, Croft RJ, Pipingas A, Phan KL, Nathan PJ (2007) Acute serotonin and dopamine depletion improves attentional control: findings from the stroop task. Neuropsychopharmacology 32:1600–1610

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shelley AM, Ward PB, Catt SV, Michie PT, Andrews S, McConaghy N (1991) Mismatch negativity: an index of a preattentive processing deficit in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 30:1059–1062

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinkkonen J, Tervaniemi M (2000) Towards optimal recording and analysis of the mismatch negativity. Audiol Neurootol 5:235–246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Kroenke K, Linzer M, deGruy FV 3rd, Hahn SR, Brody D, Johnson JG (1994) Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care. The PRIME-MD 1000 study. JAMA 272:1749–1756

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS (2001) Using multivariate statistics. Allyn and Bacon, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai G, Coyle JT (2002) Glutamatergic mechanisms in schizophrenia. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 42:165–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Umbricht D, Krljes S (2005) Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 76:1–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Umbricht D, Javitt D, Novak G, Bates J, Pollack S, Lieberman J, Kane J (1998) Effects of clozapine on auditory event-related potentials in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 44:716–725

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Umbricht D, Javitt D, Novak G, Bates J, Pollack S, Lieberman J, Kane J (1999) Effects of risperidone on auditory event-related potentials in schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2:299–304

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Umbricht D, Schmid L, Koller R, Vollenweider FX, Hell D, Javitt DC (2000) Ketamine-induced deficits in auditory and visual context-dependent processing in healthy volunteers: implications for models of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:1139–1147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Umbricht D, Koller R, Vollenweider FX, Schmid L (2002) Mismatch negativity predicts psychotic experiences induced by NMDA receptor antagonist in healthy volunteers. Biol Psychiatry 51:400–406

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Umbricht D, Vollenweider FX, Schmid L, Grübel C, Skrabo A, Huber T, Koller R (2003) Effects of the 5-HT2A agonist psilocybin on mismatch negativity generation and AX-continuous performance task: implications for the neuropharmacology of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:170–181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wienberg M, Glenthoj B, Jensen K, Oranje B (2009) A single high dose of escitalopram increases mismatch negativity without affecting processing negativity or P300 amplitude in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol. doi:10.1177/0269881109102606

  • Williams WA, Shoaf SE, Hommer D, Rawlings R, Linnoila M (1999) Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in normal volunteers. J Neurochem 72:1641–1647

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winkler I (2007) Interpreting the mismatch negativity. J Psychophys 21:147–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winterer G (2006) Cortical microcircuits in schizophrenia—the dopamine hypothesis revisited. Pharmacopsychiatry 39(Suppl 1):S68–S71

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winterer G, Weinberger DR (2004) Genes, dopamine and cortical signal-to-noise ratio in schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci 27:683–690

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young SN, Smith SE, Pihl RO, Ervin FR (1985) Tryptophan depletion causes a rapid lowering of mood in normal males. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 87:173–177

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Brain Sciences Institute, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, John Street Hawthorn, 3122, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Sumie Leung, Rodney J. Croft, Valérie Guille, Kirsty Scholes & Barry V. O’Neill

  2. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

    Rodney J. Croft

  3. Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    K. Luan Phan

  4. Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Pradeep J. Nathan

  5. School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia

    Pradeep J. Nathan

  6. Clinical Unit Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK

    Pradeep J. Nathan

Authors
  1. Sumie Leung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rodney J. Croft
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Valérie Guille
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kirsty Scholes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Barry V. O’Neill
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. K. Luan Phan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Pradeep J. Nathan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Sumie Leung or Pradeep J. Nathan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Leung, S., Croft, R.J., Guille, V. et al. Acute dopamine and/or serotonin depletion does not modulate mismatch negativity (MMN) in healthy human participants. Psychopharmacology 208, 233–244 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-009-1723-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-009-1723-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation