Abstract
Rationale
Human and animal studies over the last two decades report that nicotine can improve cognitive performance. Prospective memory (PM), the retrieval and implementation of a previously encoded intention, is also improved by pre-administration of nicotine. As with other nicotine effects, however, predicting precisely how and when nicotine improves the processes engaged by PM has proved less straightforward.
Objective
We present two studies that explore the source of nicotine’s enhancement of PM. Experiment 1 tests for effects of nicotine on preparatory attention (PA) for PM target detection. Experiment 2 asks whether nicotine enhances processing of the perceptual attributes of the PM targets.
Materials and methods
Young adult non-smokers matched on baseline performance measures received either 1 mg nicotine or matched placebo via nasal spray. Volunteers completed novel PM tasks at 15 min post-administration.
Results
Experiment 1 confirmed that pre-administration of nicotine to non-smokers improved detection rate for prospective memory targets presented during an attention-demanding ongoing task. There was no relationship between PM performance and measures of preparatory attention. In experiment 2, salient targets were more likely to be detected than non-salient targets, but nicotine did not confer any additional advantage to salient targets.
Conclusion
The present study suggests that nicotinic stimulation does not work to enhance perceptual salience of target stimuli (experiment 2), nor does it work through better deployment of preparatory working attention (experiment 1). An alternative explanation that nicotine promotes PM detection by facilitating disengagement from the ongoing task is suggested as a future line of investigation.
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Notes
Non-smokers were defined as never-smoked or not smoked (cigarettes) for at least 5 years.
A central tenet of the multi-process model of PM is the argument that embedding the digit in this way precludes the automatic detection of the target as a by-product of ongoing task performance (McDaniel and Einstein 2000). According to these authors, salience promotes automatic detection, so automatic access will be confined to the salient stimulus condition.
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Acknowledgements
We thank McNeil AB, Helsingborg, Sweden for providing the nasal sprays.
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Rusted, J.M., Sawyer, R., Jones, C. et al. Positive effects of nicotine on cognition: the deployment of attention for prospective memory. Psychopharmacology 202, 93–102 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1320-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1320-7