Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Serotonin transport kinetics correlated between human platelets and brain synaptosomes

  • Original Investigation
  • Published:
Psychopharmacology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Rationale

Blood platelets have been used extensively as a model system for investigating the role of the serotonin transporter (SERT) in various psychiatric disorders, especially depression. However, to date, it is not known whether platelet serotonin (5-HT) transport would be related to that in brain.

Objectives

We examined 5-HT transport kinetics simultaneously in human blood platelets and human cortical brain synaptosomes to determine whether they were correlated.

Methods

Blood platelets and synaptosomes were obtained from 25 patients undergoing epileptic surgery. Synaptosomes were obtained from normal margins of surgical neuropathology specimens of anterotemporal cortex.

Results

Platelet SERT Vmax was significantly correlated with brain SERT Vmax on linear regression (r=0.58, p<0.005), after controlling for the confounding effects of gender (t=−2.4, p=0.025) and time of day (t=2.1, p<0.05). Consistent with previous observations, there was a negative correlation between the maximum velocity (Vmax) of platelet 5-HT transport and pO2 (r=−0.52, p<0.01). Females had a significantly higher pO2 than males (F=4.9, p<0.05). After accounting for gender differences, addition of pO2 did not add further strength to the regression, given the aforementioned gender differences in pO2. The correlation between unadjusted values for platelet vs brain SERT Vmax was r=0.3, p=0.06.

Conclusions

These results suggest that a relationship may exist between 5-HT transport in platelets and cortical synaptosomes, when appropriate controls for confounding factors are employed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arango V, Underwood MD, Gubbi AV, Mann JJ (1995) Localized alterations in pre- and postsynaptic serotonin binding sites in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex of suicide victims. Brain Res 688:121–133

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arato M, Tekes K, Tothfalusi L, Magyar K, Palkovits M, Demeter E, Falus A (1987) Serotonergic split brain and suicide. Psychiatry Res 21:355–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Arora RC, Meltzer HY (1989) 3H-imipramine binding in the frontal cortex of suicides. Psychiatry Res 30:125–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Arora RC, Tong C, Jackman HL, Stoff D, Meltzer HY (1983) Serotonin uptake and imipramine binding in blood platelets and brain of Fawn-hooded and Sprague Dawley rats. Life Sci 33:437–442

    Google Scholar 

  • Austin MC, Whitehead RE, Edgar CL, Janosky JE, Lewis DA (2002) Localized decrease in serotonin transporter-immunoreactive axons in the prefrontal cortex of depressed subjects committing suicide. Neuroscience 114:807–815

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi M, Moser C, Lazzarini C, Vecchiato E, Crespi F (2002) Forced swimming test and fluoxetine treatment: in vivo evidence that peripheral 5-HT in rat platelet-rich plasma mirrors cerebral extracellular 5-HT levels, whilst 5-HT in isolated platelets mirrors neuronal 5-HT changes. Exp Brain Res 143:191–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Block ER, Fisher AB (1977) Depression of serotonin clearance by rat lungs during oxygen exposure. J Appl Physiol 42:33–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Block ER, Stalcup SA (1981) Depression of serotonin uptake by cultured endothelial cells exposed to high O2 tension. J Appl Physiol 50:1212–1219

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler J, Tannian M, Leonard BE (1988) The chronic effects of desipramine and sertraline on platelet and synaptosomal 5HT uptake in olfactory bulbectomised rats. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 12:585–594

    Google Scholar 

  • Cambell JC, Marangos PJ, Murphy DL (1993) Neuron specific enolase (NSE) in human blood platelets: implications for the neuronal model. In: Angrist B, Burrows GD, Lader M, Lingjaerde O, Sedvall G, Wheatley D (eds) Advances in the biosciences. Pergamon Press, New York, pp 203–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Cho R, Kapur S, Du L, Hrdina P (1999) Relationship between central and peripheral serotonin 5-HT2A receptors: a positron emission tomography study in healthy individuals. Neurosci Lett 261:139–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Chou DT, Cuzzone H, Hirsh KR (1983) Assessment of blood platelets as a model for CNS response: comparative effects of caffeine on 5-HT uptake and release mechanisms in rat platelets and rat brain serotonin neurons. Life Sci 33(12):1149–1156

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleland WW (1967) The statistical analysis of enzyme kinetic data. Adv Enzymol 29:1–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Coppen A, Swade C, Wood K (1978) Platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine accumulation in depressive illness. Clin Chim Acta 87:165–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Egrise D, Rubinstein M, Schoutens A, Cantraine F, Mendlewicz J (1986) Seasonal variation of platelet serotonin uptake and 3H-imipramine binding in normal and depressed subjects. Biol Psychiatry 21:283–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis PM, Salmond C (1994) Is platelet imipramine binding reduced in depression? A meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 36:292–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher AB, Block ER, Pietra G (1980) Environmental influences on uptake of serotonin and other amines. Environ Health Perspect 35:191–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Franke L, Schewe HJ, Muller B, Campman V, Kitzrow W, Uebelhack R, Berghofer A, Muller-Oerlinghausen B (2000) Serotonergic platelet variables in unmedicated patients suffering from major depression and healthy subjects: relationship between 5HT content and 5HT uptake. Life Sci 67:301–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Godinez MH, Godinez RI (1996) Inspired oxygen concentration alters the phospholipids and protein content in the bronchoalveolar lavage-accessible space. Crit Care Med 24:862–869

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg BD, Tolliver TJ, Huang SJ, Li Q, Bengel D, Murphy DL (1999) Genetic variation in the serotonin transporter promoter region affects serotonin uptake in human blood platelets. Am J Med Genet 88:83–87

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross-Isseroff R, Israeli M, Biegon A (1989) Autoradiographic analysis of tritiated imipramine binding in the human brain postmortem: effects of suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:237–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Halbreich U, Vital-Herne J, Goldstein S, Zander K (1984) Sex differences in biological factors putatively related to depression. J Affect Disord 7:223–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Healy D, O’Halloran A, Carney PA, Leonard BE (1986) Platelet 5-HT uptake in delusional and nondelusional depressions. J Affect Disord 10:233–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinz A, Jones DW, Mazzanti C, Goldman D, Ragan P, Hommer D, Linnoila M, Weinberger DR (2000) A relationship between serotonin transporter genotype and in vivo protein expression and alcohol neurotoxicity. Biol Psychiatry 47:643–649

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hrdina PD, Demeter E, Vu TB, Sotonyi P, Palkovits M (1993) 5-HT uptake sites and 5-HT2 receptors in brain of antidepressant-free suicide victims/depressives: increase in 5-HT2 sites in cortex and amygdala. Brain Res 614:37–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Hrdina PD, Bakish D, Chudzik J, Ravindran A, Lapierre YD (1995) Serotonergic markers in platelets of patients with major depression: upregulation of 5-HT2 receptors. J Psychiatry Neurosci 20:11–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones PP, Davy KP, Seals DR (1999) Influence of gender on the sympathetic neural adjustments to alterations in systemic oxygen levels in humans. Clin Physiol 19:153–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Joyce JN, Shane A, Lexow N, Winokur A, Casanova MF, Kleinman JE (1993) Serotonin uptake sites and serotonin receptors are altered in the limbic system of schizophrenics. Neuropsychopharmacology 8:315–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan RD, Mann JJ (1982) Altered platelet serotonin uptake kinetics in schizophrenia and depression. Life Sci 31:583–588

    Google Scholar 

  • Komulainen H (1983) Enhancement of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake in rabbit hypothalamic synaptosomes but not in blood platelets by zinc and lead ex vivo. Acta Pharm Toxicol (Copenh) 53:166–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Lahr PD, Mais DE, Bosin TR (1983) Reparative changes following oxygen-induced lung injury: effect on serotonin disposition and metabolism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 70:188–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Lampugnani MG, Buczko W, Ceci A, Mennini A, de Gaetano G (1986) Normal serotonin uptake by blood platelets and brain synaptosomes but selective impairment of platelet serotonin storage in mice with Chediack–Higashi syndrome. Life Sci 38:2193–2198

    Google Scholar 

  • Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, Casanova MF, Toti R, Weinberger DR, Kleinman JE (1993) Selective abnormalities of prefrontal serotonergic receptors in schizophrenia. A postmortem study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 810–818

  • Lawrence KM, De Paermentier F, Cheetham SC, Crompton MR, Katona CL, Horton RW (1990) Brain 5-HT uptake sites, labelled with [3H]paroxetine, in antidepressant-free depressed suicides. Brain Res 526(1):17–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemmer B, Jarosch U, Breddin K (1977) Influence of the time interval after venepuncture and the storage temperature on the uptake of 14C-serotonin by human blood platelets. Life Sci 21:1665–1673

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesch KP, Wolozin BL, Murphy DL, Reiderer P (1993) Primary structure of the human platelet serotonin uptake site: identity with the brain serotonin transporter. J Neurochem 60:2319–2322

    Google Scholar 

  • Lingjaerde O (1984) Blood platelets as a model system for studying the biochemistry of depression. In: Usdin E, Asberg M, Bertilsson L, Sjoqvist F (eds) Biological and pharmacological research in depression: advances in biochemical psychopharmacology. Raven Press, New York, pp 99–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Little KY, McLauglin DP, Ranc J, Gilmore J, Lopez JF, Watson SJ, Carroll FI, Butts JD (1997) Serotonin transporter binding sites and mRNA levels in depressed persons committing suicide. Biol Psychiatry 41:1156–1164

    Google Scholar 

  • Little KY, McLaughlin DP, Zhang L, Livermore CS, Dalack GW, McFinton PR, DelProposto ZS, Hill E, Cassin BJ, Watson SJ, Cook EH (1998) Cocaine, ethanol, and genotype effects on human midbrain serotonin transporter binding sites and mRNA levels. Am J Psychiatry 155:207–213

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265–275

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mais DE, Bosin TR (1984) Hyperoxia alters platelet disposition of serotonin. Toxicol Lett 22:255–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Mais DE, Lahr PD, Bosin TR (1984) Hyperoxia and paraquat alter the kinetics of platelet serotonin uptake. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 76:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Maitre L, Moser P, Baumann PA, Waldmeier PC (1980) Amine uptake inhibitors: criteria of selectivity. Acta Psychiatr Scand 280(suppl):97–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Malison RT, Price LH, Berman R, van Dyck CH, Pelton GH, Carpenter L, Sanacora G, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB, Rajeevan N, Baldwin RM, Seibyl JP, Innis RB, Charney DS (1998) Reduced brain serotonin transporter availability in major depression as measured by [123I]-2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane and single photon emission computed tomography. Biol Psychiatry 44:1090–1098

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malmgren R, Asberg M, Olsson P, Tornling G, Unge G (1981) Defective serotonin transport mechanism in platelets from endogenously depressed patients. Life Sci 29:2649–2658

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann JJ, Huang YY, Underwood MD, Kassir SA, Oppenheim S, Kelly TM, Dwork AJ, Arango V (2000) A serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and prefrontal cortical binding in major depression and suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:729–734 (see Fig. 5)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marazziti D, Rossi A, Palego L, Barsanti A, Carrai M, Giannaccini G, Serra P, Lucacchini A, Cassano GB (1998) Effect of aging and sex on the [3H]-paroxetine binding to human platelets. J Affect Disord 50:11–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Marazziti D, Baroni S, Rossi A, Masala I, Giannaccini G, Gori V, Lucacchini A, Cassano GB (2001) Pharmacological characterization of the serotonin transporter in young and elderly subjects. Neuropsychobiology 44:78–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin DC, Watkins CA, Adams RJ, Nason LA (1988a) Anesthetic effects on 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by rat brain synaptosomes. Brain Res 455:360–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin DC, Watkins CA, Adams RJ, Nason LA (1988b) Anesthetic effects on 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by rat brain synaptosomes. Brain Res 455:360–365

    Google Scholar 

  • McQueen JK, Wilson H, Fink G (1997) Estradiol-17 beta increases serotonin transporter (SERT) mRNA levels and the density of SERT-binding sites in female rat brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 45:13–23

    Google Scholar 

  • McQueen JK, Wilson H, Sumner BE, Fink G (1999) Serotonin transporter (SERT) mRNA and binding site densities in male rat brain affected by sex steroids. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 63:241–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Meltzer HY, Arora RC (1988) Genetic control of serotonin uptake in blood platelets: a twin study. Psychiatry Res 24:263–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Meltzer HY, Arora RC, Baber R, Tricou BJ (1981) Serotonin uptake in blood platelets of psychiatric patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38:1322–1326

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyerson LR, Wennogle LP, Abel MS, Coupet J, Lippa AS, Rauh CE, Beer B (1982) Human brain receptor alterations in suicide victims. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 17:159–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Moret C, Briley M (1991) Platelet 3H-paroxetine binding to the serotonin transporter is insensitive to changes in central serotonergic innervation in the rat. Psychiatry Res 38:97–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Naesh O, Hindberg I, Bruun AB (2001) Decreased reuptake of serotonin in human platelets after surgery. Clin Physiol 21(1):39–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuger J, El Khoury A, Kjellman BF, Wahlund B, Aberg-Wistedt A, Stain-Malmgren R (1999) Platelet serotonin functions in untreated major depression. Psychiatry Res 85:189–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Nobile M, Begni B, Giorda R, Frigerio A, Marino C, Molteni M, Ferrarese C, Battaglia M (1999) Effects of serotonin transporter promoter genotype on platelet serotonin transporter functionality in depressed children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38:1396–1402

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostrowitzki S, Rao ML, Redei J, Andres AH (1993) Concurrence of cortex and platelet serotonin2 receptor binding characteristics in the individual and the putative regulation by serotonin. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 93(1):27–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen F, Chambers DR, Cooper SJ, Crow TJ, Johnson JA, Lofthouse R, Poulter M (1986) Serotonergic mechanisms in brains of suicide victims. Brain Res 362:185–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul SM, Rehavi M, Skolnick P, Goodwin FK (1984) High affinity binding of antidepressants to a biogenic amine transport site in human brain and platelet; studies in depression. In: Post RM, Bellinger CJ (eds) Neurobiology of mood disorders. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 846–853

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearse AGE (1986) The diffuse neuroendocrine system: peptides,amines, placodes and the APUD theory. In: Hokfelt I, Fuxe K, Pernow B (eds) Progress in brain research. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 25–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry EK, Marshall EF, Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, Perry RH (1983) Decreased imipramine binding in the brains of patients with depressive illness. Br J Psychiatry 142:188–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Pletscher A, Affolter H, Cesura AM, Erne P, Mueller K (1984) Blood platelet as a model for neurons: similarities for the 5-hydroxytryptamine systems. In: Schlossenberger HG, Kochen W, Linzen B, Steinhart H (eds) Progress in tryptophan and serotonin research. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp 231–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Raisman R, Briley MS, Bouchami F, Sechter D, Zarifian E, Langer SZ (1982) 3H-imipramine binding and serotonin uptake in platelets from untreated depressed patients and control volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 77:332–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramamoorthy S, Bauman AL, Moore KR, Han H, Yang-Feng T, Chang AS, Ganapathy V, Blakely RD (1993) Antidepressant- and cocaine-sensitive human serotonin transporter: molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:2542–2546

    Google Scholar 

  • Rausch JL, Shah NS, Yates M, and Burch EA (1980) Platelet Serotonin Uptake in Patients with Major Depression. Biol Psychiatry 66

  • Rausch JL, Shah NS, Burch EA, Donald AG (1982) Platelet serotonin uptake in depressed patients: circadian effect. Biol Psychiatry 17:121–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Rausch JL, Janowsky DS, Risch SC, Huey LY (1986) A kinetic analysis and replication of decreased platelet serotonin uptake in depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 19:105–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Rausch JL, Fei Y, Li J, Hobby HM, Shendarkar N, Ganapathy V, Leibach FH (2000) Two SERT gene polymorphisms interact on 5-HT transport and temperament. Eur Psychiatry 15(Suppl 1):56

    Google Scholar 

  • Rausch JL, Hobby HM, Shendarkar N, Johnson ME, Li J (2001) Fluvoxamine treatment of mixed anxiety and depression: evidence for serotonergically mediated anxiolysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 21(2):139–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosel P, Arranz B, Vallejo J, Oros M, Crespo JM, Menchon JM, Navarro MA (1998) Variations in [3H]imipramine and 5-HT2A but not [3H]paroxetine binding sites in suicide brains. Psychiatry Res 82:161–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross SB, Aperia B, Beck-Friis J, Jansa S, Wetterberg L, Aberg A (1980) Inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake in human platelets by antidepressant agents in vivo. Psychopharmacology 67:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy A, Everett D, Pickar D, Paul SM (1987) Platelet tritiated imipramine binding and serotonin uptake in depressed patients and controls. Relationship to plasma cortisol levels before and after dexamethasone administration. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:320–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott M, Reading HW, Loudon JB (1979) Studies on human blood platelets in affective disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 60:131–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Slotkin TA, Whitmore WL, Dew KL, Kilts CD (1986) Uptake of serotonin into rat platelets and synaptosomes: comparative structure–activity relationships, energetics and evaluation of the effects of acute and chronic nortriptyline administration. Brain Res Bull 17:67–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Slotkin TA, McCook EC, Ritchie JC, Seidler FJ (1996) Do glucocorticoids contribute to the abnormalities in serotonin transporter expression and function seen in depression? An animal model. Biol Psychiatry 40:576–584

    Google Scholar 

  • Slotkin TA, McCook EC, Ritchie JC, Carroll BJ, Seidler FJ (1997) Serotonin transporter expression in rat brain regions and blood platelets: aging and glucocorticoid effects. Biol Psychiatry 41:172–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith LT, Hanson DR, Omenn GS (1978) Comparisons of serotonin uptake by blood platelets and brain synaptosomes. Brain Res 146:400–403

    Google Scholar 

  • Stahl SM, Meltzer HY (1978) A kinetic and pharmacologic analysis of 5 hydroxytryptamine transport by human platelets and platelet storage granules: comparison with central serotonergic neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 205:118–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Stahl SM, Woo DJ, Mefford IN, Berger PA, Ciaranello RD (1983) Hyperserotonemia and platelet serotonin uptake and release in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Am J Psychiatry 140:26–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley M, Virgilio J, Gershon S (1982) Tritiated imipramine binding sites are decreased in the frontal cortex of suicides. Science 216

  • Tuomisto J, Tukiainen E (1976) Decreased uptake of 5 hydroxytryptamine in blood platelets from depressed patients. Nature 262:596–598

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuomisto J, Tukiainen E, Ahlfors UG (1979) Decreased uptake of 5 hydroxytryptamine in blood platelets from patients with endogenous depression. Psychopharmacology 65:141–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe J, Kreider MS, Goodman C, Brunswick DJ (1987) Labeling in vivo of serotonin uptake sites in rat brain after administration of [3H]cyanoimipramine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 241:196–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong DT, Horng JS, Fuller RW (1973) Kinetics of serotonin accumulation into synaptosomes of rat brain–effects of amphetamine and chloroamphetamines. Biochem Pharmacol 22:311–322

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Paul Clopton from the University of California at San Diego for his invaluable help with statistical analysis of our results.

This work was supported by the Veterans Administration and NIMH Grant RO1 MH50366-05, and R21 MH067940.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Veterans Administration Hospital, Augusta, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA

    Jeffrey L. Rausch, Junqing Li & Julian Hutcheson

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, School of Medicine, The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912-3800, USA

    Jeffrey L. Rausch, Maria E. Johnson, Julian Hutcheson, Benjamin M. Carr, Katina M. Corley & Amanda B. Gowans

  3. Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA

    Joseph Smith

Authors
  1. Jeffrey L. Rausch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maria E. Johnson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Junqing Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Julian Hutcheson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Benjamin M. Carr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Katina M. Corley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Amanda B. Gowans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Joseph Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeffrey L. Rausch.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rausch, J.L., Johnson, M.E., Li, J. et al. Serotonin transport kinetics correlated between human platelets and brain synaptosomes. Psychopharmacology 180, 391–398 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-2178-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-2178-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation