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The four-plates test–retest paradigm to discriminate anxiolytic effects

Psychopharmacology volume 180, pages 73–83 (2005)Cite this article

Abstract

Rationale

Animal models of anxiety such as the four-plates test (FPT) enable the detection of an anxiolytic effect not only of benzodiazepines (BZDs) but also of other non-BZD anxiolytic compounds such as the antidepressants paroxetine and venlafaxine. Retesting mice in animal models of anxiety markedly alters the behavioural profile of various drugs.

Objectives

The aim of this study was first to investigate the function of GABAA/BZD receptor and passive avoidance acquisition in the FPT “test–retest”. The second aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of the FPT to discriminate BZDs from other non-BZD anxiolytics in experienced mice.

Methods

The FPT was performed in naive and experienced mice (submitted to the test 24 h previously). The drugs studied were two BZDs, diazepam (1 mg/kg) and alprazolam (0.25 mg/kg); flumazenil, a GABAA receptor antagonist (8 mg/kg); atropine sulphate, a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist (4 mg/kg) known for its amnesic properties; paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (4 and 8 mg/kg); venlafaxine, a serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor (4 and 16 mg/kg); and DOI, a 5-HT2A agonist (1 mg/kg).

Results

Our results reveal an increase of anxiety (decrease of punished passages) in saline-experienced mice. Diazepam, alprazolam, paroxetine and venlafaxine did not prevent the increase in anxiety during retest, revealing a passive avoidance acquisition. Flumazenil did not modify the anxiogenic-like behaviour of experienced mice. In contrast, atropine seems to oppose the increase of anxiety; however, its effect is weak and disputable. DOI was the only anxiolytic compound able to oppose the decrease of punished passages of experienced mice.

Conclusion

Anxiogenic behaviour on retesting indicates aversive learning. The protocol test–retest is unable to discriminate between the anxiolytic effect of BZDs from that of paroxetine or venlafaxine. However, this modified model may constitute a new tool to investigate other neural pathways implicated in anxiety.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Marie-Claude Colombel, Marie-Noëlle Hervé, Fabienne Massé, Sophie Drinkwater and Florence Clénet for their help.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neurobiologie de l’anxiété et de la dépression, Faculté de Médecine, EA 3256, 1 rue Gaston Veil, BP 53508, 44035, Nantes cedex 01, France

    Nadège Ripoll, Bríd Áine Nic Dhonnchadha, Michel Bourin & Martine Hascoët

  2. Laboratoire de Biomathématiques et Biostatistiques, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035, Nantes cedex 01, France

    Véronique Sébille

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  1. Nadège Ripoll
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  2. Bríd Áine Nic Dhonnchadha
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  3. Véronique Sébille
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  4. Michel Bourin
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  5. Martine Hascoët
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Correspondence to Michel Bourin.

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Ripoll, N., Nic Dhonnchadha, B.Á., Sébille, V. et al. The four-plates test–retest paradigm to discriminate anxiolytic effects. Psychopharmacology 180, 73–83 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-004-2130-1

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