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Preliminary evidence of hippocampal dysfunction in adolescent MDMA (“ecstasy”) users: possible relationship to neurotoxic effects

Psychopharmacology volume 173, pages 383–390 (2004)Cite this article

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Abstract

Rationale

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) is a potent and selective serotonin neurotoxin whose use is growing among adolescents. Although cognitive deficits among adult MDMA users are well documented, little is known of the cognitive and brain functional sequelae of MDMA use during adolescence.

Objective

We tested for evidence of cognitive deficits and changes in brain function in a pilot sample of adolescent MDMA users, who were compared with adolescent non-users of MDMA.

Methods

Selective and divided attention and verbal working memory were examined in six adolescent MDMA users and six non-users of MDMA who were similar in age, gender, IQ, and other substance use. Brain function was assessed during performance of the working memory task using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Results

MDMA users had significantly prolonged reaction times during tests of selective and divided attention, and failed to deactivate the left hippocampus normally during high verbal working memory load.

Conclusions

MDMA use in adolescence may be associated with cognitive impairments and dysfunction of inhibitory circuits within the hippocampus. Further work is urgently needed to delineate the developmental impact and long-term functional and clinical significance of MDMA use during adolescence.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants RO1 DA14655, M01 RR06022, and K02 AA00261 from the National Institutes of Health and by the Department of Veterans Affairs. The authors thank Sabrina Pizzola and Michelle Rosado for assistance with data collection.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA

    Leslie K. Jacobsen & John H. Krystal

  2. Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA

    Leslie K. Jacobsen & Kenneth R. Pugh

  3. Haskins Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., USA

    W. Einar Mencl & Kenneth R. Pugh

  4. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA

    Pawel Skudlarski

  5. Yale University School of Medicine, 100 York Street 2B, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA

    Leslie K. Jacobsen

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  1. Leslie K. Jacobsen
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  2. W. Einar Mencl
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  3. Kenneth R. Pugh
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  4. Pawel Skudlarski
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  5. John H. Krystal
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Correspondence to Leslie K. Jacobsen.

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Jacobsen, L.K., Mencl, W.E., Pugh, K.R. et al. Preliminary evidence of hippocampal dysfunction in adolescent MDMA (“ecstasy”) users: possible relationship to neurotoxic effects. Psychopharmacology 173, 383–390 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-003-1679-4

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Keywords

  • MDMA
  • Ecstasy
  • Adolescent
  • Selective attention
  • Divided attention
  • Working memory