Abstract
Deer antler velvet, with kidney tonifying, promoting the production of essence and blood, strengthening tendons and bones, not only has a thousand-year medicinal history but also its modern pharmacology mainly focuses on its active polypeptides on motor, nerve, and immune systems. The purpose of this report is to fill the gap in the comprehensive, systematic, and detailed review of polypeptides during the recent 30 years (1992–2023). The research method was to review 53 pharmacological articles from the Public Medicine, Web of science, ACS, and Science Direct database sources by searching the keywords “pilose antler,” “deer velvet,” “Pilose Antler Peptide (PAP) and Velvet Antler Polypeptide (VAP).” The results showed that deer antler polypeptides (DAPs), by regulating EGF, EGFR, MAPK, P38, ERK, NF-κB, Wnt, PI3K, Akt, MMP, AMPK, Stir1, NLRP3, HO-1, Nrf, Rho, TLR, TGF-β, Smad, Ang II, etc., revealed their effects on seven system-related diseases and their mechanisms, including osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc degeneration, osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, triple-negative breast cancer, liver injury, liver fibrosis, cardiovascular disease, acute lung injury, and late-onset hypogonadism. In conclusion, DAPs have good effects on motor and other system-related diseases, but the secondary and tertiary structures of DAPs (0.5–1800 KDa) need to be further elucidated, and the structure–activity relationship study is still unavailable and needs to be covered. It is expected that this review may provide the necessary literature support for further research.
Graphical Abstract
The activities and mechanisms of polypeptides from the past 30 years (1992–2023) are summarized covering seven systems, related diseases, and its regulatory genes and proteins.
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This work was supported by the Department of Science and Technology, Jilin Province, China (grant number YDZJ202201ZYTS249).
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He Sun: overall instructor; Dandan Xiao, Wei Liu, and Xue Li: resources and data collection; Zhe Lin and Yong Li: some constructive suggestions put forward for revising the article. Yuling Ding: final correction, editing, and approval. All authors have read and approved this paper for publication. The authors confirm that no paper mill and artificial intelligence was used.
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Sun, H., Xiao, D., Liu, W. et al. Well-known polypeptides of deer antler velvet with key actives: modern pharmacological advances. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 397, 15–31 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02642-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02642-y