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A review of basic to clinical studies of the association between hyperammonemia, methamphetamine

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Abstract

Methamphetamine (METH), an addictive psychostimulant drug, is the second most widely used type of drug all around the world. METH abusers are more likely to develop a psycho-neurological complication. Hyperammonemia (HAM) causes neuropsychiatric illnesses such as mental state changes and episodes of acute encephalopathy. Recently, there are some shreds of evidence about the relationship between METH complication and HAM. Both METH intoxication and HAM could induce psychosis, agitation, memory impairment, and psycho-neuronal disorders. They also have similar mechanisms of neuronal damages, such as excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairments, and inflammation responses, which can subsequently increase the glutamate level of the brain. Hence, the basic to clinical studies of the association between HAM and METH are reviewed by monitoring six case studies and a good body of animal studies literature. All instances of METH-associated HAM had changes in mental state and some level of confusion that were improved when the ammonia serum level returned to the normal level. Furthermore, most of them had typical vital signs. Several studies suggested some sources for METH-associated HAM, including METH-induced liver and renal damages, muscular hyperactivity, gut bacterial overgrowth, co-abuse of other substances, and using some forms of NH3 in METH cooking. In conclusion, it seems that mental status changes in METH abusers may be related to ammonia intoxication or HAM; therefore, it is important to assess the serum level of ammonia in METH intoxicated patients and resolve it.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Marzieh Jafari Fakharbad

  2. Medical Toxicology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Mohammad Moshiri

  3. College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China

    Mohammad Mehdi Ommati

  4. Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Mehdi Talebi

  5. Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Leila Etemad

  6. Department of Drug Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Leila Etemad

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  4. Mehdi Talebi
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  5. Leila Etemad
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All authors of this research paper have directly participated in writing the review article. EL, TM and MM conceived research. EL and JFM Performed the literature search. OMM and JFM wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Leila Etemad.

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Fakharbad, M.J., Moshiri, M., Ommati, M.M. et al. A review of basic to clinical studies of the association between hyperammonemia, methamphetamine. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 395, 921–931 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-022-02248-w

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