Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a very common gynecological disease during childbearing period and markedly affects female fertility. Until now, there are no studies evaluating the possible curative effect of diacerein (DIA) in induced PCOS. For the first time, we aimed in current model to study the effect of DIA (50 mg/kg/day) orally for 3 weeks on experimentally induced PCOS by letrozole (1 mg/kg/day) for 3 weeks. We measured rats’ body weight changes, levels of serum insulin, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), testosterone, inflammasome, caspase1, and total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC). Moreover, we measured ovarian tissue parameters as malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin 1β (IL1β), real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) of Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax), and interleukin 10 (IL10) gene expression changes. Furthermore, histopathological features and anti-apoptotic marker B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) immunoexpression changes were evaluated. Our results showed that letrozole markedly induced PCOS as manifested by significant increase in serum testosterone, insulin, AMH, rats’ body weights, ovarian tissue MDA, IL1β, inflammasome, and caspase1 but decrease of serum TAC. In addition, gene expression of Bax increased but IL10 gene expression decreased. Ovaries showed the typical histopathological changes of PCOS with no immunoexpression of Bcl2. DIA was greatly able to ameliorate letrozole-induced PCOS changes in rats mainly via prevention of IL1β, and improving metabolic disturbances, and its anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects with further regulation of inflammasome/caspase1/IL1β and Bax/Bcl2 pathways.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
All data is available on requirement.
Code availability
Not applicable
References
Almezgagia M, Zhangb Y, Hezame K, Shamsan E, Gamaha M, Al-shaebic F, Abbas A, Shoaibb M, Saifd B, Hana Y, Jiaa R, Zhanga W (2020) Diacerein: recent insight into pharmacological activities and molecular pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 131:11059
Alves ED, Bonfá ALO, Pigatto GR, Anselmo-Franci JA, Achcar JA, Parizotto NA, Montrezor LH (2019) Photobiomodulation can improve ovarian activity in polycystic ovary syndrome-induced rats. J Photochem Photobiol B 194:6–13
Barrett ES, Sobolewski M (2014) Polycystic ovary syndrome: do endocrine-disrupting chemicals play a role? Semin Reprod Med 32(3):166–176
Bas D, Abramovich D, Hernandez F, Tesone M (2011) Altered expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in follicles within dehydroepiandrosterone-induced polycystic ovaries in rats. Cell Biol Int 35(5):423–429
Cabus U, Kabukcu C, Fenkci S, Caner V, Oztekin O, Fenkci V, Enli Y (2020) Serum caspase-1 levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 59(2):207–210
Corbin C, Trant J, Walters K, Conley AJ (1999) Changes in testosterone metabolism associated with the evolution of placental and gonadal isozymes of porcine aromatase cytochrome P450. Endocrinology 140(11):5202–5210
Daneshian Z, Ramezani Tehrani F, Zarkesh M, Norooz Zadeh M, Mahdian R, ZadehVakili A (2015) Antimullerian hormone and its receptor gene expression in prenatally androgenized female rats. Int J Endocrinol Metab 13(1):e19511
Ding T, Hardiman PJ, Petersen I, Wang F, Qu F, Baio G (2017) The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in reproductive-aged women of different ethnicity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget Actions 8(56):96351–96358
Dunaif A (1997) Insulin resistance and the oily cystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis. Endocrinol.Rev. 18:774–800
Figueroa F, Motta A, Acosta M, Mohamed F, Oliveros L, Forneris M (2015) Role of macrophage secretions on rat polycystic ovary: its effect on apoptosis. Reproduction. 150(5):437–448
Fouad AA, Abdel-Aziz AM, Hamouda AAH (2020) Diacerein downregulates NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β and IL-6/STAT3 pathways of inflammation and apoptosis in a rat model of cadmium testicular toxicity. Biol Trace Elem Res 195(2):499–505
Ghowsi M, Khazali H, Sisakhtnezhad S (2018) The effect of resveratrol on oxidative stress in the liver and serum of a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome: an experimental study. Int J Reprod Biomed 16(3):149–158
Gonzalez-Moles MA, Bascones-Ilundain C, Gil Montoya JA et al (2006) Cell cycle regulating mechanisms in oral lichen planus: molecular bases in epithelium predisposed to malignant transformation. Arch Oral Biol 51:1093–1103
Jahan S, Munir F, Razak S, Mehboob A, UlAin Q, Ullah H, Afsar T, Shaheen G, Almajwal A (2016) Ameliorative effects of rutin against metabolic, biochemical and hormonal disturbances in polycystic ovary syndrome in rats. J Ovarian Res 9:86
Johansson J, Stener-Victorin E (2013) Polycystic ovary syndrome: effect and mechanisms of acupuncture for ovulation induction. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013:762615
Karadeniz M, Erdogan M, Zengi A, Tamsel S, Berdeli A, Saygili F, Yilmaz C (2008) Polymorphism of the interleukin-10 gene in polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Immunogenet 35:119–123
Longo MC et al (1990) Use of uracil DNA glycosylase to control carry over contamination in under the foregoing patent claims for using only this amount of product in a passive reference method for polymerase chain reactions. Gene. 93:125–128
Lutz A, Sanwald J, Thomas M, Feuer R, Sawodny O, Ederer M, Borner C, Humar M, Merfort I (2014) Interleukin-1β enhances FasL-induced caspase-3/-7 activity without increasing apoptosis in primary mouse hepatocytes. PLoS One 9(12):e115603
Mihara M, Uchiyama M (1983) Properties of thiobarbituric acid-reactive materials obtained from lipid peroxide and tissue homogenate. Chem Pharm Bull 31(2):605–611
Noroozzadeh M, Behboudi-Gandevani S, Zadeh-Vakili A, Ramezani Tehrani F (2017) Hormone-induced rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review. Life Sci 191:259–272
Pandey V, Singh A, Singh A, Krishna A, Pandey U, Tripathi YB (2016) Role of oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation in letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome in the rat. Reprod Biol 16(1):70–77
Ragy MM, Abdel-Hamid HA, Toni NDM (2019) Pathophysiological changes in experimental polycystic ovary syndrome in female albino rats: using either hemin or L-arginine. J Cell Physiol 234(6):8426–8435
Refaie MMM, El-Hussieny M (2017) The role of interleukin-1b and its antagonist (diacerein) in estradiol benzoate-induced endometrial hyperplasia and atypia in female rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 31(4):438–446
Rencber FS, Ozbek KS, Eraldemır C, Sezer Z, Kum T, Ceylan S, Guzel E (2018) Effect of resveratrol and metformin on ovarian reserve and ultrastructure in PCOS: an experimental study. J Ovarian Res 11(1):55
Rezvanfar MA, Shojaei Saadi HA, Gooshe M, Abdolghaffari AH, Baeeri M, Abdollahi M (2014) Ovarian aging-like phenotype in the hyperandrogenism-induced murine model of polycystic ovary. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2014:948951
Rostamtabar M, Esmaeilzadeh S, Tourani M, Rahmani A, Baee M, Shirafkan F, Saleki K, Mirzababayi SS, Ebrahimpour S, Nouri HR (2021) Pathophysiological roles of chronic low-grade inflammation mediators in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Cell Physiol 236(2):824–838
Salvetti NR, Panzani CG, Gimeno EJ, Neme LG, Alfaro NS, Ortega HH (2009) An imbalance between apoptosis and proliferation contributes to follicular persistence in polycystic ovaries in rats. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 7:68
Sathyapalan T, Atkin SL (2010) Mediators of inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome in relation to adiposity. Mediat Inflamm 2010:758656 5 pages
Sun Y, Ma J, Li D, Li P, Zhou X, Yu L, He Z, Qin L, Liang L, Luo X (2019) Interleukin-10 inhibits interleukin-1β production and inflammasome activation of microglia in epileptic seizures. J Neuroinflammation 16:66
Van Guilder HD, Vrana KE, Freeman WM (2008) Twenty-five years of quantitative PCR for gene expression analysis. Biotechniques. 44(5):619–626
Wang C, Wang MW, Tashiro S, Onodera S, Ikejima T (2005) IL-1beta acts in synergy with endogenous IL-1beta in A375-S2 human melanoma cell apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway. J Korean Med Sci 20(4):555–561. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2005.20.4.555
Wu Y, Li P, Zhang D, Sun Y (2018) Metformin and pioglitazone combination therapy ameliorate polycystic ovary syndrome through AMPK/PI3K/JNK pathway. ExpTher Med 15(2):2120–2127
Xu Y, Zhang H, Li Q, Lao K, Wang Y (2017) The role of nesfatin-1 expression in letrozole-induced polycystic ovaries in the rat. Gynecol Endocrinol 33(6):438–441
Xu G, Zhang A, Liu J, Wang X, Feng J, Chen Y (2020) Effects of electroacupuncture on ovarian expression of the androgen receptor and connexin 43 in rats with letrozole-induced polycystic ovaries. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020:3608062
Yang Y, Yang L, Qi C, Hu G, Wang L, Sun Z, Ni X (2020) Cryptotanshinone alleviates polycystic ovary syndrome in rats by regulating the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 22(5):3851–3861
Zhang N, Liu X, Zhuang L, Liu X, Zhao H, Shan Y, Liu Z, Li F, Wang Y, Fang J (2020) Berberine decreases insulin resistance in a PCOS rats by improving GLUT4: dual regulation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 110:104544
Zhao H, Zhou D, Chen Y, Liu D, Chu S, Zhang S (2017) Beneficial effects of Heqi san on rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome through the PI3K/AKT pathway. DARU J Pharm Sci 25(1):21
Zhao DM, Shan YH, Li FH, Jiang L, Qu QL (2019) Correlation between endometrial receptivity with expressions of IL-1 and VEGF in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 23(13):5575–5580
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
MR selected the point, performed the experimental part, and wrote and sent the manuscript. MH performed and wrote the histopathology and immunohistochemical part and revised the manuscript as a whole. WA performed and wrote the rt-PCR part and revised the manuscript as a whole. All authors read and approved the manuscript and all data were generated in-house and that no paper mill was used.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
This work was conducted in the Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt, and the animal experimental protocol was approved by the faculty board.
Consent to participate
Not applicable
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
ESM 1
(PZF 488 kb)
ESM 2
(PZF 462 kb)
ESM 3
(PZF 488 kb)
ESM 4
(PZF 490 kb)
ESM 5
(PZF 474 kb)
ESM 6
(PZF 595 kb)
ESM 7
(PZF 450 kb)
ESM 8
(PZF 452 kb)
ESM 9
(PZF 474 kb)
ESM 10
(PZF 449 kb)
ESM 11
(PZF 488 kb)
ESM 12
(PZF 595 kb)
ESM 13
(PZF 444 kb)
ESM 14
(PZF 430 kb)
ESM 15
(PZF 490 kb)
ESM 16
(XLSX 13 kb)
ESM 17
(PZF 463 kb)
ESM 18
(PZF 476 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Refaie, M.M.M., El-Hussieny, M. & Abdelraheem, W.M. Diacerein ameliorates induced polycystic ovary in female rats via modulation of inflammasome/caspase1/IL1β and Bax/Bcl2 pathways. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 395, 295–304 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-021-02175-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-021-02175-2