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Protective effects of vitamin D on learning and memory deficit induced by scopolamine in male rats: the roles of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and oxidative stress

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Abstract

The beneficial effects of vitamin D (vit D) on central nervous system disorders have been suggested. In the current research, the protective effects of vit D on learning and memory deficit induced by scopolamine, oxidative stress criteria, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and nitric oxide (NO) in the brain were investigated. Rats were divided into five groups, including (1) Control, (2) Scopolamine (2 mg/kg), (3–5) Scopolamine + Vit D (100, 1000, and 10,000 IU/kg) groups. Vit D administrated for 2 weeks and in the third week scopolamine co-administrated with vit D and behavioral tests, including Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance (PA) tests, were carried out. The cortical and hippocampal tissues were analyzed for BDNF, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, thiol content, NO metabolites, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Scopolamine injection significantly impaired rats’ performance on the MWM and PA test. It further enhanced the MDA and nitrite level while decreased thiol content and BDNF levels and SOD and CAT activities in the brain. Administration of both 1000 and 10,000 IU/kg vit D improved cognitive outcome in MWM and PA tests. In addition, vit D elevated thiol content, SOD and CAT activities, and BDNF levels, while reduced nitrite and MDA concentration. Vit D also increased the levels of vit D and calcium in the serum. The results demonstrated that vit D has protective effects on scopolamine-associated learning and memory impairment by improving BDNF levels and attenuating NO and brain tissue oxidative damage.

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The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to extend our honest thanks to the Department of Physiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, that helped us in fulfilling this study and Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences for its financial support.

Funding

This research project was financially supported by the Vice Chancellor of Research at Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

    Fatemeh Mansouri & Hamideh Ghanbari

  2. Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Narges Marefati, Hossein Salmani & Mahmoud Hosseini

  3. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Narges Marefati & Zohre Arab

  4. Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran

    Farimah Beheshti

  5. Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran

    Farimah Beheshti

  6. Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Mahmoud Hosseini

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Contributions

MH and HG conceived and designed the research. FM, NM, FB, HS, and ZA conducted experiments. HS and MH analyzed data. FM, HS, and MH wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript, and all data were generated in-house, and that no paper mill was used.

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Correspondence to Hamideh Ghanbari or Mahmoud Hosseini.

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The animal procedures were carried out in accordance with the standards of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and the study protocol was approved by the Committee on Animal Research at Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences (IR.HUMS.REC. 1398.053).

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Mansouri, F., Ghanbari, H., Marefati, N. et al. Protective effects of vitamin D on learning and memory deficit induced by scopolamine in male rats: the roles of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and oxidative stress. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 394, 1451–1466 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-021-02062-w

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