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Vitamin D and chronic diseases: the current state of the art

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Abstract

The objective was to provide the current state of the art regarding the role of vitamin D in chronic diseases (osteoporosis, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, dementia, autism, type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, male and female fertility). The document was drawn up by panelists that provided their contribution according to their own scientific expertise. Each scientific expert supplied a first draft manuscript on a specific aspect of the document’s topic that was subjected to voting by all experts as “yes” (agreement with the content and/or wording) or “no” (disagreement). The adopted rule was that statements supported by ≥75 % of votes would be immediately accepted, while those with <25 % would be rejected outright. Others would be subjected to further discussion and subsequent voting, where ≥67 % support or, in an eventual third round, a majority of ≥50 % would be needed. This document finds that the current evidence support a role for vitamin D in bone health but not in other health conditions. However, subjects with vitamin D deficiency have been found to be at high risk of developing chronic diseases. Therefore, although at the present time there is not sufficient evidence to recommend vitamin D supplementation as treatment of chronic diseases, the treatment of vitamin D deficiency should be desiderable in order to reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ios and Coleman Medicina Futura Medical Center, University “Federico II”, Naples, Italy

    Giovanna Muscogiuri

  2. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy

    Barbara Altieri

  3. Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Angers University Hospital, University Memory Clinic, UPRES EA 4638, University of Angers, UNAM, Angers, France

    Cedric Annweiler

  4. Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

    Cedric Annweiler

  5. Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy

    Giancarlo Balercia & Giacomo Tirabassi

  6. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

    H. B. Pal

  7. The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

    Barbara J. Boucher

  8. Vitamin D Council, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA

    John J. Cannell

  9. Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padua, Italy

    Carlo Foresta

  10. Department of Cardiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center Bern, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland

    Martin R. Grübler

  11. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

    Martin R. Grübler & Stefan Pilz

  12. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloníki, Greece

    Kalliopi Kotsa

  13. Comando Brigata Alpina “Julia”/Multinational Land Force, Medical Service, Udine, Italy

    Luca Mascitelli

  14. Medical Clinic V (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany

    Winfried März

  15. Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

    Winfried März

  16. Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Germany GmbH, Mannheim, Augsburg, Germany

    Winfried März

  17. Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fertility Techniques Structure, University Hospital “S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, Salerno, Italy

    Francesco Orio

  18. Department of Sports Science and Wellness, “Parthenope” University Naples, Naples, Italy

    Francesco Orio

  19. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Stefan Pilz

  20. Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University “Federico II”, Naples, Italy

    Annamaria Colao

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  1. Giovanna Muscogiuri
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  2. Barbara Altieri
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  8. Carlo Foresta
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  9. Martin R. Grübler
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  11. Luca Mascitelli
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  13. Francesco Orio
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  14. Stefan Pilz
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  15. Giacomo Tirabassi
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  16. Annamaria Colao
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Correspondence to Giovanna Muscogiuri.

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Muscogiuri, G., Altieri, B., Annweiler, C. et al. Vitamin D and chronic diseases: the current state of the art. Arch Toxicol 91, 97–107 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-016-1804-x

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