Abstract
Food safety is a major public health concern all over the world. Therefore, the prevention of food contamination is becoming extremely crucial. In this study, an antimicrobial nanoemulsion composed of water-soluble nisin and fat-soluble octanoic acid was successfully prepared. The results showed that the average particle size and the polymer dispersity index of the nisin−octanoic acid (NOA) nanoemulsion were around 52.21 nm and 0.253, respectively. The NOA nanoemulsion required less amounts of nisin and octanoic acid to achieve the effective antimicrobial effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the growth curves of E. coli and S. aureus were determined. The OD600 of NOA nanoemulsion was significantly lower than free nisin after being incubated for 24 h (p < 0.001), indicating that the antimicrobial effect of NOA nanoemulsion was outstanding. Meanwhile, the synergistic antimicrobial property of NOA nanoemulsion against E. coli and S. aureus was significantly better than free nisin under nonacid conditions (p < 0.05). Overall, the results of this study may provide guidance for the further application of nisin in more forms.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Abdollahzadeh E, Rezaei M, Hosseini H (2014) Antibacterial activity of plant essential oils and extracts: the role of thyme essential oil, nisin, and their combination to control listeria monocytogenes inoculated in minced fish meat. Food Control 35:177–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.07.004
Agler MT, Werner JJ, Iten LB, Dekker A, Cotta MA, Dien BS, Angenent LT (2012) Shaping reactor microbiomes to produce the fuel precursor n-butyrate from pretreated cellulosic hydrolysates. Environ Sci Technol 46:10229–10238. https://doi.org/10.1021/es302352c
Aswathanarayan JB, Vittal RR (2019) Nanoemulsions and their potential applications in food industry. Front Sustainable Food Syst 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00095
Badr MM, Badawy ME, Taktak NE (2022) Preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of cinnamon essential oil and cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsions. J Essent Oil Res 34:544–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2022.2107100
Benjamin O, Silcock P, Leus M, Everett DW (2012) Multilayer emulsions as delivery systems for controlled release of volatile compounds using pH and salt triggers. Food Hydrocolloids 27:109–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.08.008
Bhatti M, Veeramachaneni A, Shelef LA (2004) Factors affecting the antilisterial effects of nisin in milk. Int J Food Microbiol 97:215–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.06.010
Bryan EM, Bae T, Kleerebezem M, Dunny GM (2000) Improved vectors for Nisin-controlled expression in gram-positive bacteria. Plasmid 44:183–190. https://doi.org/10.1006/plas.2000.1484
Cai Z, Chen L, Yu X, Yagoub AEG, Okonkwo CE, Zhou C (2022) Effect of molecular weight of chitosan on the formation and properties of Zein-Nisin-chitosan nanocomplexes. Carbohydr Polym 292:119664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119664
Coma V, Sebti I, Pardon P, Deschamps A, Pichavant FH (2001) Antimicrobial edible packaging based on cellulosic ethers, fatty acids, and nisin incorporation to inhibit listeria innocua and Staphylococcus aureus. J Food Prot 64:470–475. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.4.470
DELVES-BROUGHTON J, (1990) Nisin and its application as a food preservative. Int J Dairy Technol 43:73–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.1990.tb02449.x
Gálvez A, Abriouel H, Benomar N, Lucas R (2010) Microbial antagonists to food-borne pathogens and biocontrol. Curr Opin Biotechnol 21:142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2010.01.005
Gharsallaoui A, Oulahal N, Joly C, Degraeve P (2015) Nisin as a food preservative: part 1: physicochemical properties, antimicrobial activity, and main uses. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 56:1262–1274. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2013.763765
Gong F, Qian J, Chen Y, Yao S, Tong J, Guo H (2018) Preparation and properties of gum arabic cross-link binding nisin microparticles. Carbohyd Polym 197:608–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.080
Hoffman KL, Han IY, Dawson PL (2001) Antimicrobial effects of corn zein films impregnated with nisin, lauric acid, and EDTA. J Food Prot 64:885–889. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.6.885
Holanda L, Bezerra GB, Ramos CS (2020) Potent antifungal activity of essential oil from morinda citrifolia fruits rich in short-chain fatty acids. Int J Fruit Sci 20:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2020.1738975
Hu Y, Wu T, Wu C, Fu S, Yuan C, Chen S (2017) Formation and optimization of chitosan-nisin microcapsules and its characterization for antibacterial activity. Food Control 72:43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.06.013
Jadhav RP, Koli VW, Kamble AB, Bhutkar MA (2020) A review on nanoemulsion. Asian J Res Pharm Sci 10:103–108. https://doi.org/10.5958/2231-5659.2020.00020.x
Kirazli S, Tunca S (2022) NISIN and gilaburu (Viburnum opulus L.) combination is a cost-effective way to control foodborne Staphylococcus aureus. Food Control 142:109213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109213
Kumar N, Mandal A (2018) Surfactant stabilized oil-in-water nanoemulsion: stability, interfacial tension, and rheology study for enhanced oil recovery application. En Fuels 32:6452–6466. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b00043
Kuper KM, Coyle EA, Wanger A (2012) Antifungal susceptibility testing: a primer for clinicians. Pharmacotherapy 32:1112–1122. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1146
Le Petit L, Rabiller-Baudry M, Touin R, Chataignier R, Thomas P, Connan O, Périon R (2021) Efficient and rapid multiscale approach of polymer membrane degradation and stability: application to formulation of harmless non-oxidative biocide for polyamide and PES/PVP membranes. Sep Purif Technol 259:118054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118054
Lee NK, Paik HD (2016) Status, antimicrobial mechanism, and regulation of natural preservatives in livestock food systems. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 36:547–557. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.4.547
Li Q, Yu S, Han J, Wu J, You L, Shi X, Wang S (2022) Synergistic antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of nisin/carvacrol combination against Staphylococcus aureus and their application in the infecting pasteurized milk. Food Chem 380:132009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.132009
Ling Z, Gabriele RA, Zunika A (2022) Fatty acids composition and antimicrobial activities of litsea garciae pulp and seed extracts. Med Plants - Int J Phytomed Relat Ind 14:301–311. https://doi.org/10.5958/0975-6892.2022.00035.1
Liu W, Hansen JN (1990) Some chemical and physical properties of nisin, a small-protein antibiotic produced by lactococcus lactis. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:2551–2558. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.56.8.2551-2558.1990
Lopes NA, Barreto Pinilla CM, Brandelli A (2019) Antimicrobial activity of lysozyme-nisin co-encapsulated in liposomes coated with polysaccharides. Food Hydrocoll 93:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.02.009
Neves MA, Ribeiro HS, Fujiu KB, Kobayashi I, Nakajima M (2008) Formulation of controlled size PUFA-loaded oil-in-water emulsions by microchannel emulsification using β-carotene-rich palm oil. Ind Eng Chem Res 47:6405–6411. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie071552u
Peng F, Ke Y, Lu S, Zhao Y, Hu X, Deng Q (2019) Anion amphiphilic random copolymers and their performance as stabilizers for O/W nanoemulsions. RSC Adv 9:14692–14700. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra01383k
Pisoschi AM, Pop A, Georgescu C, Turcuş V, Olah NK, Mathe E (2018) An overview of natural antimicrobials role in food. Eur J Med Chem 143:922–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.095
Qian J, Chen Y, Wang Q, Zhao X, Yang H, Gong F, Guo H (2021) Preparation and antimicrobial activity of pectin−chitosan embedding nisin microcapsules. Eur Polym J 157:110676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110676
Saitta F, Motta P, Barbiroli A, Signorelli M, La Rosa C, Janaszewska A, Klajnert-Maculewicz B, Fessas D (2020) Influence of free fatty acids on lipid membrane-nisin interaction. Langmuir 36:13535–13544. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02266
Shi X, Cao Y, Li N, Zhu N, Chen Y, Ma B (2021) Composition, physicochemical properties, preparation methods and application research status on functional oils and fats of nanoemulsion: a comprehensive review IOP conference series. Earth Environ Sci 792:012021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/792/1/012021
Sneha K, Kumar A (2022) Nanoemulsions: techniques for the preparation and the recent advances in their food applications. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 76:102914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102914
Sutrisno RR, Marfu’ah S, Fajaroh F, (2019) Fatty acids in tamarindus indica L. seeds oil and antibacterial activity assay. Key Eng Mater 811:40–46. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.811.40
Tayeferad M, Boddohi S, Bakhshi B (2021) Dual-responsive nisin loaded chondroitin sulfate nanogel for treatment of bacterial infection in soft tissues. Int J Biol Macromol 193:166–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.116
Todorov SD (2009) Bacteriocins from Lactobacillus plantarum production, genetic organization and mode of action: produção, organização genética e modo de ação. Braz J Microbiol 40:209–221. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-83822009000200001
Wang H, Guo L, Liu L, Han B, Niu X (2021) Composite chitosan films prepared using nisin and perilla frutescense essential oil and their use to extend strawberry shelf life. Food Biosci 41:101037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101037
Wei L, Zhang W, Yin L, Yan F, Xu Y, Chen F (2015) Extraction optimization of total triterpenoids from jatropha curcas leaves using response surface methodology and evaluations of their antimicrobial and antioxidant capacities. Electron J Biotechnol 18:88–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2014.12.005
Yu X, Lu N, Wang J, Chen Z, Chen C, Regenstein JM, Zhou P (2020) Effect of N-terminal modification on the antimicrobial activity of nisin. Food Control 114:107227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107227
Zhang Z, Vriesekoop F, Yuan Q, Liang H (2014) Effects of nisin on the antimicrobial activity of d-limonene and its nanoemulsion. Food Chem 150:307–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.160
Zhang L, Liu Z, Deng Q, Sang Y, Dong K, Ren J, Qu X (2020) Nature-inspired construction of MOF@COF nanozyme with active sites in tailored microenvironment and pseudopodia-like surface for enhanced bacterial inhibition. Angew Chem Int Ed 60:3469–3474. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202012487
Zhou J, Velliou E, Hong SH (2020) Investigating the effects of Nisin and free fatty acid combined treatment on listeria monocytogenes inactivation. LWT 133:110115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110115
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the fnancial assistance offered by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. LY16C020005).
Funding
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. LY16C020005).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
WY wrote the main manuscript text. BL designed the methodology and conducted the research. FZ and LG provided the language assistance. HG and JQ provided writing assistance and critical review. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Communicated by Yusuf Akhter.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Guo, H., Yang, W., Lei, B. et al. Synergistic antimicrobial effect of nisin−octanoic acid nanoemulsions against E. coli and S. aureus. Arch Microbiol 205, 203 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-023-03545-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-023-03545-5