Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Development software program for finding photovoltaic cell open-circuit voltage and fill factor based on the photovoltaic cell one-diode equivalent circuit model

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Electrical Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The photovoltaic (PV) cell is the smallest building block of the PV solar system and produces voltages between 0.5 and 0.7 V. It acts as a current source in the equivalent circuit. The amount of radiation hitting the cell determines how much current it produces. The equivalent circuit of an ideal PV cell consists of a diode and a parallel current source. In order to express losses in applications, series and parallel resistance are added to the ideal equivalent circuit of the PV cell. There are many equivalent circuits in the literature for modeling the equivalent circuit of a PV cell. The single-diode equivalent circuit is the most widely used model because of its simplicity and ease of analysis. There are several methods available to estimate and analyze the parameters of PV cell models, such as Newton Raphson method, Lambert-W function, etc. In this study, the Newton Raphson method was used to find the equivalent circuit parameters of a PV cell. Fill factor is used to determine the quality of electricity generated by the photovoltaic cell. Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage value that the PV cell can transmit. The analysis of PV cell fill factor and open-circuit voltage was carried out using the developed software program. Then, the open-circuit voltage and fill factor were found using the software program prepared in MATLAB and given in Appendix.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig.10
Fig.11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig.16
Fig. 17

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Lekouaghet B, Amin M, Boukabou KA (2022) Adolescent identity search algorithm for parameter extraction in photovoltaic solar cells and modules. J Comput Electron 21:859–881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-022-01881-1(0123456789()

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Song L, Huang L, Xiao W, Li J (2021) Role of octahedral deformation in the broad-band emission in Mn-doped lead halide perovskite: first-principles investigation for the case of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I). Appl Phys Lett 118(16):3901. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0045281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Cristian H, Bizon N, Alexandru B (2017) Design of hybrid power systems using HOMER simulator for different renewable energy sources. In: 2017 9th international conference on electronics, computers and artificial intelligence (ECAI), Targoviste, Romania, 1–7, (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/ECAI.2017.8166507

  4. Saad PSM, Bin Kasbudi MY, Hashim H(2022) I–V and P–V solar cell characteristics simulation for a single diode photovoltaic. In: 2022 IEEE international conference in power engineering application (ICPEA), Shah Alam, Malaysia 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPEA53519.2022.9744703

  5. Kirpichnikofva IM, Makhsumov IB (2020) The influence of ambient temperature on the energy characteristics of solar modules. In: 2020 international conference on industrial engineering, applications and manufacturing (ICIEAM), Sochi, Russia 1–5.https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIEAM48468.2020.9112064

  6. Swanson RM (2005) Approaching the 29% limit efficiency of silicon solar cells. In: Conference Record of the Thirty-first IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2005, Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA, 889–894. https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488274

  7. Nazir M, Burkes K, Enslin JHR (2020) Converter-based power system protection against DC in transmission and distribution networks. IEEE Trans Power Electron 35(7):6701–6704. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2019.2963313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Singh AK, Kumar S, Singh B (2020) Solar PV energy generation system interfaced to three phase grid with improved power quality. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 67(5):3798–3808. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2019.2921278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Khanna A, Mueller T, Stangl RA, Hoex B, Basu PK, Aberle AG (2013) A fill factor loss analysis method for silicon wafer solar cells. IEEE J Photovolt 3(4):1170–1177. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2013.2270348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Dore J, Ong D, Varlamov S, Egan R, Green MA (2014) Progress in laser-crystallized thin-film polycrystalline silicon solar cells: intermediate layers, light trapping, and metallization. IEEE J Photovolt 4(1):33–39. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2013.2280016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Shynu SV, Roo Ons MJ, McEvoy P, Ammann MJ, McCormack SJ, Norton B (2009) Integration of microstrip patch antenna with polycrystalline silicon solar cell. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 57(12):3969–3972. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2009.2026438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Munzer KA, Holdermann KT, Schlosser RE, Sterk S (1999) Thin monocrystalline silicon solar cells. IEEE Trans Electron Devices 46(10):2055–2061. https://doi.org/10.1109/16.791996

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Al Tarabsheh A, Akmal M, Ghazal M (2017) Series connected photovoltaic cells—modelling and analysis. MPDI Sustain 9(3):371. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. WenBo X, Meng Meng L, Chao Y (2017) Extracting and studying solar cell five parameters based on Lambert W function. J Nanoelectron Optoelectron 12(2):189–195. https://doi.org/10.1166/jno.2017.1992

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Sera D, Teodorescu R, Rodriguez P (2007) PV panel model based on datasheet values. In: 2007 IEEE international symposium on industrial electronics, Vigo, Spain pp 2392-2396. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISIE.2007.4374981

  16. Wenbo X, Xing J, Huaming W, Le H (2022) Research on the effect of wind speed and angle on photovoltaic cell characteristics. J. Sol Energy Eng. 144(5):054503–054508. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4054268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Rasool F, Drieberg M, Badruddin N, Singh B, Singh M (2016) Modeling of PV panels performance based on datasheet values for solar micro energy harvesting. In: 2016 6th international conference on intelligent and advanced systems (ICIAS), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIAS.2016.7824072

  18. Panchal AK (2020) I–V data operated high-quality photovoltaic solution through per-unit single-diode model. IEEE J Photovolt 10(4):1175–1184. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2020.2996711

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Ahmed MT, Gonçalves T, Tlemcani M (2016) Single diode model parameters analysis of photovoltaic cell. In: IEEE international conference on renewable energy research and applications (ICRERA), 396–400. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRERA.2016.7884368

  20. Changmai P, Deka S, Kumar S, Babu TS, Aljafari B, Nastasi B (2022) A critical review on the estimation techniques of the solar PV cell’s unknown parameters. Energies 15(19):7212. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Changmai P, Nayak SK, Metya SK (2020) Estimation of PV module parameters from the manufacturer’s datasheet for MPP estimation. IET Renew Power Gener 14(11):1988–1996. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2019.1377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Yesilbudak M (2021) Parameter extraction of photovoltaic cells and modules using grey wolf optimizer with dimension learning-based hunting search strategy. Energies 14(18):5735. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Arandhakar S, Chaudhary N, Depuru SR, Dubey RK, Bhukya MN (2022) Analysis and implementation of robust metaheuristic algorithm to extract essential parameters of solar cell. IEEE Access 10:40079–40092. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3136209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ramzi BM (2020) Extraction of uncertain parameters of single and double diode model of a photovoltaic panel using Salp Swarm algorithm. Measurement 154:107446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.107446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Rodrigues P, Camacho JR, Matos FB (2011) The application of trust region method to estimate the parameters of photovoltaic modules through the use of single and double exponential models. In: international conference on renewable energies and power quality (ICREPQ), 1, 1–7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257620439

  26. Lin P, Cheng S, Yeh W, Chen Z, Wu L (2017) Parameters extraction of solar cell models using a modifed simplifed swarm optimization algorithm. Sol Energy 144:594–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.01.064

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Leilaeioun M, Holman Z (2015) A new expression for intrinsic fill factor of silicon solar cells. In: 2015 IEEE 42nd photovoltaic specialist conference (PVSC), New Orleans, LA, USA, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2015.7355950

  28. Manoharan P, Jangir P, Ravichandran S, Elavarasan RM, Kumar BS (2021) Enhanced chaotic JAYA algorithm for parameter estimation of photovoltaic cell/modules. ISA Trans. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2021.01.045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Ayan K, Arifoğlu U (2007) The determination of the stability regions and sequential transient stability analysis of integrated AC–DC power system consisting of bipolar dc lines via the controlling unstable equilibrium points. Eur Trans Electr Power 13(5):321–330. https://doi.org/10.1002/etep.4450130508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Changmai P, Metya SK (2019) Determination of the best shading pattern to maximize the power of TCT connected solar PV array during partial shading condition. J Opt 48:499–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-019-00580-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Green MA (1984) Limits on the open-circuit voltage and efficiency of silicon solar cells imposed by intrinsic Auger processes. IEEE Trans Electron Devices 31(5):671–678. https://doi.org/10.1109/T-ED.1984.21588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Tan RHG, Tai PLJ, Mok Dvh (2013) Solar irradiance estimation based on photovoltaic module short circuit current measurement. In: 2013 IEEE international conference on smart instrumentation, measurement and applications (ICSIMA), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSIMA.2013.671794

  33. Raghvendra S, Pathak C, Pandey SK (2020) Design, performance, and defect density analysis of efficient eco-friendly perovskite solar cell. IEEE Trans Electron Devices 67(7):2837–2843. https://doi.org/10.1109/TED.2020.2996570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Changmai P, Nayak SK, Metya SK (2019) Mathematical model to estimate the maximum power output of a total cross tied connected PV array during partial shading condition. IET Renew Power Gener 13(14):2491–2722. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2019.0279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Shankar N, Saravanakumar N, Kumar C et al (2021) Opposition-based equilibrium optimizer algorithm for identification of equivalent circuit parameters of various photovoltaic models. J Comput Electron 20:1560–1587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-021-01722-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Rabiul Islam M, Mahfuz-Ur-Rahman AM, Muttaqi KM, Sutanto D (2019) State-of-the-art of the medium-voltage power converter technologies for grid integration of solar photovoltaic power plants. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 34(1):372–384. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2018.2878885

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. AlTarabsheh A, Etier I, Akmal M, Sweleh A, Ghazal M (2016) Modeling of series-connected photovoltaic cells. In: 2016 IEEE 43rd photovoltaic specialists conference (PVSC), Portland, OR, USA, 1523–1526. https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2016.7749873

  38. Muramoto Y, Nagao M, Kosaki M (1997) Open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current characteristics of moisture absorbed polyimide thin films with different electrode materials. In: proceedings of 5th international conference on properties and applications of dielectric materials, Seoul, Korea (South) 2: 802–805. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPADM.1997.616558

  39. Changmai P, Kumar S, Nayak SK, Metya SK (2022) Maximum power estimation of total cross-tied connected PV cells in different shading conditions for high current application. IEEE J Emerg Sel Top Power Electron 10(4):3883–3894. https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTPE.2021.3105808

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Geisthardt RM, Topič M, Sites JR (2015) Status and potential of CdTe solar-cell efficiency. IEEE J Photovolt 5(4):1217–1221. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2015.2434594Correctionsmarkedinthearticle

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors declare that there is no funding for conducting this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Electrical and Energy Department, MYO, Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin, Turkey

    Suleyman Adak

  2. Electrical and Electronics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Hasan Kalyoncu Univerity, Gaziantep, Turkey

    Hasan Cangi

Authors
  1. Suleyman Adak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hasan Cangi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

SA designed the observers and prepared the manuscript. HC tested the observers in simulations and experiments and prepared the figures. Both authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Suleyman Adak.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix

Appendix

figure cfigure cfigure c

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Adak, S., Cangi, H. Development software program for finding photovoltaic cell open-circuit voltage and fill factor based on the photovoltaic cell one-diode equivalent circuit model. Electr Eng 106, 1251–1264 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-023-02082-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-023-02082-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation