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Design of intelligent-based cascaded controller for AGC in three-area diverse sources power systems-incorporated renewable energy sources with SMES and parallel AC/HVDC tie-lines

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Abstract

This article deals with the AGC design of diverse sources-integrated multi-area systems. Area 1 is the combination of solar PV, wind farm, and thermal units. Areas 2 and 3 combine wind farms, hydropower, and thermal units. Skill optimization algorithm (SOA) is used to simultaneously optimize secondary controllers' gains and other parameters. The various helpful performance indices, like ITSE, ISE, ITAE, and IAE, are compared, and it found that the ISE is the best performance indices. The proposed cascaded NF-PDF-PIDF controller outperforms PDF-PIDF and PIDF in terms of the system's dynamic performance when compared to those two. It is also found that integrating solar PV and energy storage, like SMES, proves dynamic responses. The impacts of combining HVDC and AC tie-lines on system response are also studied. It is found that parallel AC-HVDC tie-lines provide better dynamics than AC tie-lines alone. Finally, the resiliency of the SOA-optimized proposed cascaded (CNF-PDF-PIDF) has been applied for a broad change of system loading. It is revealed that the CNF-PDF-PIDF controller's performances at nominal conditions are resilient, and there is no need to reset the controller multiple times when the system loading varies.

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Abbreviations

AC:

Alternative current

ACEi :

Area controller error of ith area

AGC:

Automatic generation control

ANFIS:

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system

AVR:

Automatic voltage regulator

SMES:

Superconducting magnetic energy storage

CES:

Capacitive energy storage

FIS:

Fuzzy interfacing system

FLC:

Fuzzy logic control

GA:

Genetic algorithm

HVDC:

High voltage direct current

IAE:

Integral absolute error

ID:

Integral derivative

IDD:

Integral double derivative

ISE:

Integral square error

ITAE:

Integral of the time weighted absolute error

ITSE:

Integral time square error

LFC:

Load frequency control

PD:

Proportional-derivative

MPPT:

Maximum power point tracking

PI:

Proportional-integral

PID:

Proportional-integral-derivative

PIDD:

Proportional-integral plus double derivative

PIDF:

Proportional-integral-derivative with filter

PIDF:

PID with filter

PIDN:

Proportional-integral-derivative with filter coefficient

PSO:

Particle swarm optimization

PV:

Photovoltaic

RERs:

Renewable energy resources

RFBs:

Redox flow batteries

RTP:

Reheated thermal power

SLD:

Step load disturbance

SOA:

Skill optimization algorithm

WPPs:

Wind power plants

F r :

Rated frequency

Β i :

Bias constant in ith area

R t i :

Thermal power generation regulation constant in ith area

R h i :

Hydropower generation regulation constant in ith area

T g i :

Steam governor time constant in ith area

T t i :

Steam turbine time constant in ith area

K r i :

Coefficient of reheated steam turbine in ith area

T r i :

Steam turbine reheated time constant in ith area

T RH i :

Hydroturbine speed governor transient droop time constant in ith area

T R i :

Hydroturbine speed governor reset time in ith area

T W i :

Nominal starting time of water in penstock in ith are

H i :

Inertia constant in ith area

D i :

Sensitivity factor (∆PLi/∆fi p.u MW/HZ)

∆F i :

System frequency deviation of ith area

R i :

Speed regulation of generator of ith area

P r i :

Rated power system capacity of ith area

a ij :

-Pri/prj

T g i :

Time constant of speed governor of ith area

T Ps i :

Power system Time constant of ith area

K ps i :

Power system gain of ith area

∆P D i :

Change in load demand of ith area

ΔP tie ij :

Tie-line deviation between ith and ith area

P ij max :

Maximum power flow from ith area to ith area

T ij :

Synchronizing coefficient for tie-line

Iter:

Maximum number of iteration

K p i :

Proportional parameters of ith area

K I i :

Integral parameters of ith area

K D i :

Derivative parameters of ith area

N i :

Filter coefficient of the controller for ith area

P :

Population size

ΔP D i :

Deviation in load disturbance in ith area

J :

Cost index

*:

Superscript denotes optimum value

K 1–K 3 :

Scaling factor gains fuzzy logic controller

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Electrical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam, India

    Getaneh Mesfin Meseret & Lalit Chandra Saikia

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  1. Getaneh Mesfin Meseret
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Contributions

The corresponding author (first author) wrote the main manuscript test and prepared all simulation figures. The second author is helped under the supervision of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Getaneh Mesfin Meseret.

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Appendix A

Appendix A

System data in its nominal state.

System

Nominal parameters

System model

“Assume Initial loading = 50%, f = 60 Hz, B1 = B2 = R3 = 0.4250 p.u.MW/Hz,

Ri = 2.40 Hz/per unit MW, Tg = 0.080 s, Ptie,max = 200 MW, Hi = 5 s, Di = 8.33*10–3 p.u. MW/Hz, a12 = -Pr1/Pr2, a23 = -Pr2/Pr3, a13 = -Pr1/Pr3, T12 = T23 = T13 = 0.0866 p.u.MW/rad, Kp1 = Kp2 = Kp3 = 120 Hz/p.u.MW, Tp1 = Tp2 = Tp3 = 20 s, SLD = 1% for each area”

Reheat thermal system

Tri = 10.0 s, Kr = 0.50; Tti = 0.350 s, Tgi = 0.080 s

Hydro power system

Tw = 1.0 s; TR = 5 s, T1 = T2 = T3 = 48.75 s, T1 = T2 = T3 = 0.513 s

Wind power plants

“KP1 = 1.25 p.u MW; TP1 = 0.6 s; KP2 = 1 p.u MW; TP2 = 0.041 s; KPC = 0.08; Kfc = 1.494; KP3 = 1.4 p.u MW; TP3 = 1 s; TW = 4 s.”

Photovoltaic solar system

a = 900, b =  − 18, c = 100, d = 50

High voltage DC links

KDC = 1.0, TDC = 0.2 s

Superconducting magnetic energy storage

KSMES = 0.9834, TSMES = 0.0182 s

Variation of parameters with varying system loading

System loading (%)

Kps in Hz/p.u.MW

Tps, in sec.

D, in p.u. MW/Hz

B in p.u. MW/Hz

Tw in sec.

50

120.0

20.00

8.33*10–3

0.425

1.00

80

75.0

12.50

0.0133

0.430

2.56

20

300.0

50.0

0.0033

0.420

0.160

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Meseret, G.M., Saikia, L.C. Design of intelligent-based cascaded controller for AGC in three-area diverse sources power systems-incorporated renewable energy sources with SMES and parallel AC/HVDC tie-lines. Electr Eng 106, 793–814 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-023-02010-2

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