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Emission-averse techno-economical study for an isolated microgrid system with solar energy and battery storage

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Abstract

This paper proposes an optimal stochastic operation strategy for renewable energy (RE) supported isolated microgrids (IMGs). It incorporates an emission-averse model to reduce the negative impact of CO2 emission on the environment by optimally utilizing carbon capture-based technology. The emission from dispatchable sources, viz. diesel engines used to produce electrical energy, adversely affects the environment. Although imposing a penalty cost on carbon emissions reduces its production from such sources, but still, it cannot be avoided. The proposed work introduces a carbon capture-based reduced emission model that incorporates a small-scale carbon capture unit (CCU) incorporated with a fossil fuel-based unit. Depending upon the CCU system efficiency, a fractional penalty has also been imposed on carbon emissions. From the analysis point of view, the efficiency of the CCU is considered as 90%. The overall problem is formulated as a multivariable constrained cost optimization problem to obtain the optimal dispatch of various connected sources and is solved through a hybrid function approach using the ‘fmincon’ solver in the MATLAB environment. The results are analyzed for the techno-economically viability of the IMG system with different RE penetration levels and the carbon emission factor (EF). It is found that the microgrid is operated most economically with a 40% RE penetration (corresponding optimal cost is 1.521e + 03 $), and it is also obtained that with an increase in emission factor, the overall economics of the system is adversely affected considering a certain RE penetration level in the system.

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Abbreviations

BESS:

Battery energy storage system

CCREM:

Carbon capture-based reduced emission model

CCU:

Carbon capture unit

DG:

Distributed generation

\({\text{DF}}^{{{\text{spv}}}}\) :

Derating factor of solar PV module

EF:

Emission factor

H :

Average solar insolation (kW/m2)

\(H^{{{\text{std}}}}\) :

Standard solar insolation

HF:

Hybrid function

IMGs:

Isolated microgrids

OM:

Operation and maintenance

OMspv/deg/bess :

Annualized OM costs associated with SPV/DEG/BESS units ($/year)

PSO:

Particle swarm optimization

SQP:

Sequential quadratic programming

S :

Total number of scenarios

N :

Total number of Samples

t :

Time index

s :

Generated scenario index

\(C^{{{\text{in}}}}\) :

CO2 intensity (kg/kW)

\(C^{\max }\) :

Maximum allowable charging of storage unit

\(\eta^{{{\text{ch}}}} /\eta^{{{\text{dch}}}}\) :

Charging/ discharging efficiencies of BESS unit

\(C^{{\deg ,{\text{on}}/{\text{off}}}}\) :

Cost associated with DEG on/off

\(C^{{\text{c}}}\) :

Total cost associated with CCU

\(C^{{\text{r}}}\) :

Cost associated with revenue generated through CO2 storage

\(C^{{\deg ,{\text{on}}/{\text{off}}}}\) :

Cost associated with DEG on/off processes

\(N^{{{\text{spv}},{\text{bess}},\deg }}\) :

Number of SPV/BESS/DEG units

\(C^{{\deg ,{\text{om}}}}\) :

DEG OM cost

\(C^{{{\text{bess}},{\text{om}}}}\) :

Storage system OM cost

\(C^{{{\text{bess}},{\text{loss}}}}\) :

Cost associated with losses in the storage system

\(S^{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}\) :

Store price of CO2 ($/kg)

\(C^{{{\text{es}} }} \left( {s,t} \right)\) :

BESS unit stored energy

\(X^{{{\text{spv}}}} \left( {s,t} \right)\) :

SPV output (kW)

\(X^{{{\text{bess}}}} \left( {s,t} \right)\) :

BESS output (kW)

\(X^{\deg } \left( {s,t} \right)\) :

DEG output (kW)

\(X^{{{\text{ch}}}} \left( {s,t} \right)\) :

Charging power of BESS unit (kW)

\(X^{c} \left( {s,t} \right)\) :

Operating power required by CCU (kW)

\(X^{{{\text{dch}}}} \left( {s,t} \right)\) :

Discharging power of BESS unit (kW)

\(X\left( {s,t} \right)\) :

Total load demand of the system (kW)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India

    Maneesh Kumar

  2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Sourav Diwania

  3. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SR University Warangal, Warangal, Telangana, India

    Sachidananda Sen

  4. Department of Electrical Engineering, G. B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India

    Harendra Singh Rawat

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  1. Maneesh Kumar
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  2. Sourav Diwania
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  3. Sachidananda Sen
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  4. Harendra Singh Rawat
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Contributions

Dr. Maneesh Kumar: Conceptualization, Writing software code, Writing- Original draft preparation Dr. Sourav Diwania: Methodology, Writing software code, Data curation. Dr. Sachidananda Sen: Conceptualization Dr. Harendra Singh Rawat: Writing software code

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Correspondence to Maneesh Kumar.

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Kumar, M., Diwania, S., Sen, S. et al. Emission-averse techno-economical study for an isolated microgrid system with solar energy and battery storage. Electr Eng 105, 1883–1896 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-023-01785-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-023-01785-8

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