Abstract
The smart grid is playing a key role to enable smart cities and smart Internet of things. As an important part of the smart grid, the smart distribution network requires the intelligent terminal unit (ITU) to realize real-time electrical parameters acquisition and effective communication. The traditional ITU uses optical fiber or wireless mechanisms for data transmission among electrical equipment, other units, and master station, which is limited to deployment cost and ambient electromagnetic interference. Therefore, we propose a novel enhanced intelligent terminal unit (E-ITU) under the smart distribution network. First, we propose the E-ITU model that integrates free-space optical communication (FSO) and radio frequency (RF) for ITU to enhance the communication methods. Then, we propose the adaptive hybrid FSO/RF transmission mechanism for the E-ITU to improve the channel transmission performance. Finally, we evaluate our E-ITU performance, and the experiment results show that the E-ITU can effectively reduce system interrupts and improve the system transmission rate, which achieves high robust electrical parameters transmission under the smart distribution network.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
In the communication field, the frequency band of radio frequency ranges from 300 kHz to 300 GHz. It includes commonly used 4G/5G transmission and special frequency band transmission.
In this paper, we focus on the E-ITU design instead of the smart distribution network architecture. Meanwhile, the devices and mechanisms used in the control layer are different in different countries. We use other units to represent the used devices in the control layer.
References
Chen S, Song S, Li L, Shen J (2009) Survey on smart grid technology. Power Syst Technol 33(8):1–7
Fang X, Misra S, Xue G, Yang D (2011) Smart grid-the new and improved power grid: a survey. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 14(4):944–980
Mollah MB, Zhao J, Niyato D, Lam K-Y, Zhang X, Ghias AMYM, Koh LH, Yang L (2020) Blockchain for future smart grid: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Internet Things J 8(1):18–43
Li Y, Cheng X, Cao Y, Wang D, Yang L (2017) Smart choice for the smart grid: Narrowband internet of things (NB-IoT). IEEE Internet Things J 5(3):1505–1515
Franco JF, Ochoa LF, Romero R (2017) Ac OPF for smart distribution networks: an efficient and robust quadratic approach. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 9(5):4613–4623
Meng S, Wang Z, Tang M, Wu S, Li X (2019) Integration application of 5g and smart grid. In: IEEE 11th international conference on wireless communications and signal processing (WCSP), pp 1–7. IEEE
Antoniadou-Plytaria KE, Kouveliotis-Lysikatos IN, Georgilakis PS, Hatziargyriou ND (2017) Distributed and decentralized voltage control of smart distribution networks: models, methods, and future research. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 8(6):2999–3008
Majidi M, Etezadi-Amoli M (2017) A new fault location technique in smart distribution networks using synchronized/nonsynchronized measurements. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 33(3):1358–1368
Hamza AS, Deogun JS, Alexander DR (2018) Classification framework for free space optical communication links and systems. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 21(2):1346–1382
Tomislav D, Pierluigi S, Prabaharan SR et al (2019) Future generation 5G wireless networks for smart grid: a comprehensive review. Energies 12(11):2140
Lei H, Dai Z, Ansari IS, Park K-H, Pan G, Alouini M-S (2017) On secrecy performance of mixed RF-FSO systems. IEEE Photon J 9(4):1–14
Andreotti A, Caiazzo B, Petrillo A, Santini S, Vaccaro A (2020) Hierarchical two-Layer distributed control architecture for voltage regulation in multiple microgrids in the presence of time-varying delays. Energies 13(24):6507
Andreotti A, Caiazzo B, Petrillo A, Santini S (2021) Distributed robust finite-time secondary control for stand-alone microgrids with time-varying communication delays. IEEE Access 9:59548–59563
Huang L, Liu S, Dai P, Li M, Chang G-K, Shi Y, Chen X (2020) Unified performance analysis of hybrid FSO/RF system with diversity combining. J Lightwave Technol 38(24):6788–6800
Abadi MM, Ghassemlooy Z, Zvanovec S, Smith D, Bhatnagar MR, Yongle W (2016) Dual purpose antenna for hybrid free space optics/RF communication systems. J Lightwave Technol 34(14):3432–3439
Bekkali A, Naila CB, Kazaura K, Wakamori K, Matsumoto M (2010) Transmission analysis of OFDM-based wireless services over turbulent radio-on-FSO links modeled by gamma–gamma distribution. IEEE Photon J 2(3):510–520
Dabiri MT, Saber MJ, Sadough SMS (2017) On the performance of multiplexing FSO MIMO links in log-normal fading with pointing errors. IEEE/OSA J Opt Commun Netw 9(11):974–983
Aboelala O, Lee IE, Chung GC (2022) A survey of hybrid free space optics (FSO) communication networks to achieve 5g connectivity for backhauling. Entropy 24(11):1573
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Z., Pang, B., Liu, S. et al. Enhanced intelligent terminal unit under smart distribution network. Electr Eng 105, 1199–1207 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-022-01724-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-022-01724-z