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A pilot protection scheme for VSC-MTDC grids based on polarity comparison using a combined morphological technique

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Abstract

This paper proposes a pilot protection scheme for voltage source converter-based multi-terminal high-voltage direct current (VSC-MTDC) grids based on polarity comparison of currents between different relay sections. The proposed strategy compares the polarity of currents in normal system operation and the rate of change of current (ROCOC) in fault condition, which accurately determines the faulty zone regardless of the system power flow, fault type, and fault resistance. It consists of a fault-type detector and a fault locator using two-sided measurements in the faulty zone. A combined series multi-resolution morphological gradient and morphological undecimated wavelet method (SMMG-UDW) is used to detect the fault traveling wave (TW) arrivals. The proposed signal-processing scheme processes the signal in time domain and it is significantly fast due to using simple mathematical operators. It consists of a de-noising sub-process to discriminate between small noise disturbances and fault events. CIGRE DCS2 VSC-MTDC grid is simulated in PSCAD and the signal-processing is investigated in MATLAB. The method is also tested in real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) setup. The results prove the accuracy of the SMMG-UDW scheme in different fault events, it’s robustness in a noisy environment and the feasibility for lower sampling frequencies.

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Abbreviations

\(I_p, I_n\) :

Positive and negative pole currents

\(i_0, i_1\) :

Ground and conductor modal currents

v :

Modal velocity

L :

Total line length

f :

Frequency of cable calculations

\(\Lambda _{k}\) :

Propagation constant

d :

Determined fault location

PPC :

Pilot protection criteria

\(I_f\) :

Fault current

\(I_{op}\) :

Normal operation current

\(\Gamma (i)\) :

Faulty pole detector for tray section i

\(t_i^R\), \(t_i^L\) :

The ith peak arrival time for the right and left side, respectively

f(n), g(n):

Input signal and the structuring element, respectively

\(\delta _g\) , \(\in _g\) :

Dilation and erosion fo the structuring element g

\(\gamma _g (f)\), \(\phi _g (f)\) :

Opening and closing for the structuring element g

\(\Psi (f)\) :

Morphological median filter for de-noising function f

MG(f):

Morphological gradient for function f

MMG(f):

Multi-resolution morphological gradient for function f

SMMG(f):

Series multi-resolution morphological gradient for function f

\(\Psi _j^\uparrow \), \(\omega _j^\uparrow \), \(\Psi _j^\downarrow \) :

Analysis, detail and synthesis operators

\(V_j\), \(W_j\) :

Approximation and detail

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Pontoppidanstræde 111, 1-109- 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark

    Mani Ashouri, Filipe Faria da Silva & Claus Leth Bak

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  1. Mani Ashouri
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  2. Filipe Faria da Silva
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  3. Claus Leth Bak
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Correspondence to Mani Ashouri.

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Ashouri, M., Silva, F.F.d. & Bak, C.L. A pilot protection scheme for VSC-MTDC grids based on polarity comparison using a combined morphological technique. Electr Eng 104, 1395–1411 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-021-01347-w

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