Abstract
Charge trap characteristics of epoxy spacer insulating material due to surface flashover are important for improving the stable operation of GIS. In this work, magnesium oxide (MgO) filled epoxy nanocomposite material is proposed as the spacer material and its performance is compared with pure epoxy. The surface properties of spacer materials were altered using surface flashovers generated due to standard lightning impulse (LI) and steep fronted lightning impulse (SFLI) having front time of 0.1 µs, using rod plane electrode setup. The impact of surface flashovers on charge trap characteristics were analysed through surface and space charge studies. The surface charge behaviour was estimated by surface potential decay and their trap characteristics, space charge accumulation was measured using pulsed electro acoustic technique. SFLI flashover voltage was lower compared to LI voltages and MgO filled epoxy nanocomposite had higher flashover voltage compared to pure epoxy. The space charge density of MgO filled epoxy nanocomposite was less compared to pure epoxy after treating with LI/SFLI flashover voltages. MgO filled epoxy nanocomposite had enhanced surface potential decay and reduced trap energy after surface flashover. Due to the superior insulating properties, MgO filled epoxy nanocomposite can be used as the spacer material in GIS components.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bolon DA (1995) Epoxy chemistry for electrical insulation. IEEE Electr Insul Mag 11(4):10–18
Fujinami H, Takuma T, Yashima M et al (1989) Mechanism And effect of DC charge accumulation on SF6 gas insulated spacers. IEEE Power Eng Rev 9(7):62
Li C, Lin C, Zhang B et al (2018) Understanding surface charge accumulation and surface flashover on spacers in compressed gas insulation. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 25(4):1152–1166
Adnan MM, Tveten EG, Glaum J et al (2019) Epoxy-based nanocomposites for high-voltage insulation: a review. Adv Electron Mater 5(2):1800505
Tanaka T, Imai T (2017) Advanced nanodielectrics: fundamentals and applications. CRC Press
Zhong SL, Dang ZM, Zhou WY et al (2018) Past and future on nanodielectrics. IET Nanodielectrics 1(1):41–47
Andritsch T, Kochetov R, Morshuis PH et al (2010) Dielectric properties and space charge behavior of MgO-epoxy nanocomposites. In: 2010 10th IEEE international conference on solid dielectrics. IEEE, pp 1–4
Yanashima R, Hirai N, Ohki Y (2017) Effects of addition of MgO fillers with various sizes and co-addition of nano-sized SiO2 fillers on the dielectric properties of epoxy resin. In: 2017 international symposium on electrical insulating materials (ISEIM). IEEE, vol 2, pp 650–653
Wu K, Wang Z, Zhao C et al (2018) Surface treeing and segmented worm model of tracking behavior in MgO/Epoxy nanocomposites. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 25(6):2067–2075
Ge G, Tang Y, Li Y et al (2020) Effect of environmental temperature on the insulating performance of epoxy/MgO nanocomposites. Appl Sci 10(20):7018
Xing Z, Zhang C, Hu X et al (2019) Surface tracking of MgO/epoxy nanocomposites: effect of surface hydrophobicity. Appl Sci (Switzerland) 9(3):413
Hornak J, Trnka P, Kadlec P et al (2018) Magnesium oxide nanoparticles: dielectric properties, surface functionalization and improvement of epoxy-based composites insulating properties. Nanomaterials 8(6):381
Andritsch T, Kochetov R, Lennon B et al (2011) Space charge behavior of magnesium oxide filled epoxy nanocomposites at different temperatures and electric field strengths. In: 2011 electrical insulation conference (EIC). IEEE, pp 136–140
Okubo H (1994) Recent activity and future trend on ageing characteristics of electrical insulation in GIS from manufacturer's view point. In: Proceedings of 1994 4th international conference on properties and applications of dielectric materials (ICPADM). IEEE, vol 2, pp 837–840
Chen J, Zhou W, Yu J et al (2013) Insulation condition monitoring of epoxy spacers in GIS using a decomposed gas CS2. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 20(6):2152–2157
Zhao X, Yao X, Guo Z et al (2011) Characteristics and development mechanisms of partial discharge in SF6 gas under impulse voltages. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 39(2):668–674
Okabe S, Ueta G, Utsumi T et al (2015) Insulation characteristics of GIS insulators under lightning impulse with DC voltage superimposed. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 22(6):1–9
Tang LC, Wan YJ, Yan D et al (2013) The effect of graphene dispersion on the mechanical properties of graphene/epoxy composites. Carbon 60:16–27
Guvvala N, Rao BN, Sarathi R (2019) Effect of gamma irradiation on space charge and charge trap characteristics of epoxy–MgO nanocomposites. Micro Nano Lett 14(13):1334–1339
Chillu N, Jayaganthan R, Rao BN et al (2019) Investigation on space charge and charge trap characteristics of Al–epoxy nanocomposites. IET Sci Meas Technol 14(2):146–156
Guvvala N, Sarathi R (2018) Partial discharge activity due to particle movement in SF6 gas filled electrode gap under different voltage profiles. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 25(4):1429–1438
Peddamallu N, Nagaraju G, Sarathi R (2019) Understanding the electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of epoxy magnesium oxide nanocomposites. IET Sci Meas Technol 13(5):632–639
Ning X, Xiang Z, Peng Z et al (2013) Effect of UV ageing on space charge characteristics of epoxy resin and its nanocomposites. In: 2013 IEEE international conference on solid dielectrics (ICSD). IEEE, pp 784–787
Guo Y, Du BX, Xiao M et al (2014) Effects of adding rate on dc tracking failure of epoxy/MgO nano-composites under contaminated conditions. In: Proceedings of 2014 international symposium on electrical insulating materials. IEEE, pp 473–476
Du BX, Guo YG, Liu Y et al (2014) Effects of adding nanofiller on DC tracking failure of epoxy/MgO nano-composites under contaminated conditions. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 21(5):2146–2155
Zhuang Y, Chen G, Chappell PH et al (2012) Surface potential decay: effect of different corona charging times. In: 2012 annual report conference on electrical insulation and dielectric phenomena. IEEE, pp. 620–623
Xu Z, Zhang L, Chen G (2007) Decay of electric charge on corona charged polyethylene. J Appl Phys D 40:7085–7089
Simmons JG, Tam MC (1973) Theory of isothermal currents and the direct determination of trap parameters in semiconductors and insulators containing arbitrary trap distributions. Phys Rev B 7(8):3706
Kozako M, Fuse N, Tanaka T (2004) Surface degradation of polyamide nanocomposites caused by partial discharges using IEC (b) electrodes. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 11(5):833–839
Zhou F, Li J, Liu M et al (2016) Characterizing traps distribution in LDPE and HDPE through isothermal surface potential decay method. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 23(2):1174–1182
Kindersberger J, Lederle C (2008) Surface charge decay on insulators in air and sulfurhexafluorid-part II: measurements. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 15(4):949–957
Gao Y, Li Z, Wang M et al (2019) Magnetic field induced variation in surface charge accumulation behavior on epoxy/Al2O3 nanocomposites under DC stress. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 26(3):859–867
Zhan Z, Zhang Q, Xie Q (2019) Effect of the surface roughness of epoxy resin on its creeping flashover characteristics in C4F7N-CO2 gas mixtures. AIP Adv 9(4):045129
Acknowledgements
The work is funded by Central Power Research Institute, India under Grant No. CPRI/R&D/TANS/2019.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yadam, Y.R., Guvvala, N., Arunachalam, K. et al. Understanding charge trap characteristics of epoxy nanocomposite under steep fronted lightning impulse voltage. Electr Eng 104, 567–576 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-021-01322-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-021-01322-5