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Voltage stability improvement with coordinated ULTC–STATCOM controller and VSC-HVDC in high wind penetration cases

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Abstract

In recent years, implementing renewable energy systems such as wind power systems into interconnected grids play a vital role in energy management and production. Besides the good aspects of this energy policy, there may be some undesirable cases if not controlled. Increasing penetration of wind generation into the electricity grid negatively affects the power system stability and the required reactive power that might cause serious voltage stability problems. In order to overcome this problem, especially in the weakest areas of the system with respect to voltage stability, it is necessary to support the reactive power reserve. In this study, a coordinated ULTC–STATCOM controller has been designed to improve the reactive power reserve and enhance voltage stability by the penetration of wind power through the VSC-HVDC wind farm system into weak area of the AC system. The novelty of the proposed coordination control than the classical coordination approaches is changing the tap position of the ULTC especially at high penetration levels and thus to maintain the reactive power reserve of STATCOM. The proposed approach is tested in a two-bus sample system and adapted to the weakest area of the IEEE 10-machine 39-bus test system that simulations are conducted in DIgSILENT PowerFactory 15.0 software. Comparative simulation results show that the proposed approach has enhanced both reactive power reserve and voltage stability margin of the test systems.

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Abbreviations

a :

Tap position of ULTC

d :

Step size of tap position

e :

Voltage error

ν 3 p :

3P wind speed

ν a :

Average wind speed at hub height

ν eqts :

The tower shadow effect

ν eqws :

The wind shear effect

ν tu :

Stochastic wind speed mainly representing the wind turbulence

δ 1 :

Phase angle of voltage at bus 1

δ 2 :

Phase angle of voltage at bus 2

ε :

Dead-band threshold

ε V :

Bus voltage error

ε Q :

Injected reactive power error

τ :

Counter

θ :

Pitch angle of the rotor

λ :

Tip speed ratio

ρ :

Air density

ω :

Wind turbine rotor speed

B L :

Shunt admittance of transmission line

C DC :

DC capacitance

C p :

Aerodynamic efficiency of the rotor

F 0 :

Base frequency

K s :

A desired voltage drop slope

P d :

Active power demand for P–V curve analysis

P d 0 :

Initial active power demand for P–V curve analysis

P L :

Wind power penetration level

P load :

Active power demand

P pen :

Penetrated active power

P md :

D-axis pulse width

P mq :

Q-axis pulse width

Q d :

Reactive power demand for P–V curve analysis

Q d 0 :

Initial reactive power demand for P–V curve analysis

Q load :

Reactive power demand

Q pen :

Penetrated reactive power

Q sg :

Reactive power injected by the synchronous generator

Q sh :

Reactive power injected by the STATCOM

R :

Series resistance of transmission line

R w :

Wind turbine rotor radius

S :

Apparent power

T d :

Time delay

T w :

Aerodynamic torque extracted from the wind

V :

Controlled voltage

V 1 :

Voltage of the generator

V 2 :

Voltage of the load bus

V AC :

Voltage of the AC side

V DC :

Voltage of the DC side

V ref :

Reference voltage

V sh :

Voltage of the STATCOM terminal

V t :

Voltage of the VSC-HVDC

X :

Series reactance of transmission line

X f :

Phase reactor

X t :

Leakage reactance of ULTC

AC:

Alternate current

ANN:

Artificial neural network

DC:

Direct current

DFIG:

Doubly-fed ınduction generator

HVDC:

High voltage direct current

OLTC:

On-load tap changer

PCC:

Point of common coupling

PMSG:

Permanent magnet synchronous generator

PWM:

Pulse-width modulation

STATCOM:

Static synchronous compensator

SVC:

Static var compensator

ULTC:

Under load tap changer

VSC:

Voltage source converter

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Acknowledgments

This research was funded by a grant (No. 1059B191401824000) from the Scientific and Technological research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) and studied in Aalborg University Energy Technology Department.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey

    Kadir Abaci & Volkan Yamaçli

  2. Faculty of Engineering and Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

    Zhe Chen

Authors
  1. Kadir Abaci
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  2. Volkan Yamaçli
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  3. Zhe Chen
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Correspondence to Volkan Yamaçli.

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Appendix

Appendix

Parameters of VSC-HVDC system: S = 400 MVA, VAC = 150 kV, VDC = 100 kV, CDC = 400µF, Xf=6.23Ω, parameters of STATCOM: S = 400 MVA, CDC = 100µF, VDC = 100 kV.

Typical parameters of proposed ULTC and STATCOM controller;

ULTC: number of tap positions = 21, lower and upper voltage bounds = 0.98 p.u–1.02 p.u, voltage set points = 1.0 p.u.

STATCOM: reactive power limit = ∓ 1.0 p.u, time constants TAC and TDC = 0.05 s–0.02 s, \(v_{d}^{\max } = 1.1\) p.u, \(v_{q}^{\max } = 1.1\) p.u.

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Abaci, K., Yamaçli, V. & Chen, Z. Voltage stability improvement with coordinated ULTC–STATCOM controller and VSC-HVDC in high wind penetration cases. Electr Eng 103, 837–851 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-020-01127-y

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