Osteoporosis in the age of COVID-19

Abstract

As the world grapples with the crisis of COVID-19, established economies and healthcare systems have been brought to their knees. Tough decisions regarding redirection of resources away from the management of conditions deemed “nonessential” are being made. How can we balance urgent resourcing of our acute crisis while not abandoning the real need of patients with osteoporosis? This article offers a few practical solutions.

“In a crisis, every little thing counts” – Jawaharlal Nehru

As the world grapples with the crisis of COVID-19, this pandemic continues to exceed our worst expectation in terms of the number of lives lost, the human suffering that has ensued and the rapidity at which established economies and healthcare systems have been brought to their knees. At the time of writing, the global death toll stands at more than 127,000, global economies and labour markets teeter on the edge and health systems in the developed world are forced to make tough decisions regarding re-direction of resources away from the management of conditions deemed “non-essential”.

In these unprecedented times, the model of healthcare towards chronic disease may undergo indelible change. Individuals with chronic conditions, such as frail older and immune-compromised members of our community have been advised by their governments to avoid outdoor activity and limit their exposure to large groups of people, including attending hospitals and other centres of healthcare delivery. At the same time, resources will be redirected from chronic disease care programs to the fight against this rapidly evolving, acute global threat.

Clinical services designed to prevent morbidity and improve functional independence in older people, such as Fracture Liaison Services, will be scaled back, possibly for months, and suspended in their current form. Whilst Telehealth medicine may provide new opportunities [1], clinical decision-making around the assessment and management of osteoporosis, as well as many other chronic conditions, will be impacted.

Osteoporosis kills. Hip fractures remain a catastrophic event with a 1-year mortality of 20% and are a leading cause of morbidity and loss of functional independence in older members of our society [2, 3]. Every year, approximately 740,000 people lose their lives around the world as a result of hip fracture [4]. An estimated 5.8 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs) are lost as a direct result of osteoporotic fracture every year [3]. Expert groups have raised the alarm on the public health emergency of osteoporosis, the reduction in bone density scanning and declining treatment rates amongst patients presenting with fractures [5]. One in 3 men and one in 5 women will experience an osteoporotic fracture in their lifetime [6]. The risk of re-fracture is greatest in the months following the first fracture, and the timely assessment and rapid treatment of subjects with fracture to prevent further fracture is an essential, established model [7].

How can we balance urgent resourcing of our acute crisis whilst not abandoning the real need of patients with osteoporosis? We propose rethinking the way we treat osteoporosis for the foreseeable future in the following ways:

Assessment of fracture risk

With suspended DEXA services and advice that vulnerable people limit their exposure to clinical spaces, bone density assessment of patients with suspected osteoporosis will no longer be feasible in the near term. This will increase our reliance on fracture risk calculators that do not rely on bone density values, such as FRAX® [8, 9]. Fracture Liaison Services will need to consider fracture risk thresholds for their particular patient group to guide treatment initiation.

Careful education of patients receiving intravenous bisphosphonates regarding flu-like reactions

The risk of a flu-like reaction after an intravenous bisphosphonate infusion is substantial in treatment-naïve individuals and, in some studies, affected > 50% of individuals [10, 11]. Strategies to reduce the risk of a flu-like reaction after IV bisphosphonates have variable success, and some groups may be more vulnerable than others. The possibility of an acute-phase reaction with fever and myalgia should be carefully discussed with patients, to avoid needless concern about this mimic of infection. The decision to use an intravenous bisphosphonate should consider the risk to patient or health-care worker posed by attendance at a healthcare facility (or even home) to access this therapy.

Avoiding denosumab interruption

Patients receiving long-term denosumab treatment may face a dilemma in weighing up the importance of receiving their treatment at regular 6-monthly intervals whilst also wishing to avoid attendance of their healthcare centre for the subcutaneous injection. Case series suggest that the risk of rebound increase in bone turnover and spontaneous vertebral fractures begins approximately 8 months following the last dose of denosumab [12], but this time interval may depend on a patient’s duration of denosumab treatment, clinical course and baseline fracture risk [13]. We see a strong role for education programs for self-administration of denosumab, possibly in conjunction with Telehealth appointments. Patients receiving bisphosphonates should also be encouraged to continue treatment, bearing in mind the significantly greater risk of new fractures during drug intermission [14].

Changes in therapy

Decisions to escalate treatment, such as a switch from anti-resorptive to an osteo-anabolic agent will be challenging in the current climate. Discussion of the benefits of such a change and demonstration of daily administration of agents such as teriparatide may require face-to-face clinical encounters. Patients may also wish to continue with their current treatment regimen in a time of uncertainty [15]. Decisions on bisphosphonate drug holidays may be guided by clinical judgement and, perhaps, bone turnover markers rather than DEXA measurement.

Home-based exercise programs

Patients with osteoporosis are advised to engage in regular weight-bearing exercise to improve their strength, balance, posture and reduce the risk of falls [16, 17]. With the advice to avoid large gatherings such as community centres or local gyms, hone-based exercise programs should be considered. Such programs have been shown to improve the quality of life of older individuals, may improve muscle mass and are feasible [18]. The prescription of a suitable home-based program would require a multidisciplinary approach between physician and allied health members.

Generic advice to minimize risk of COVID-19

Patients with osteoporosis are also likely to be at high risk from sequelae of contracting COVID-19. Telehealth consultations should take advantage of promoting regional-specific advice to minimize infection by social distancing and/or isolation where appropriate.

In the age of COVID-19, treatment of chronic diseases such as osteoporosis should not become an unintended casualty. Clinicians need to adapt to the challenges posed by this crisis and consider ways to continue serving the most vulnerable amongst us, those with chronic disease with their own substantive morbidity and mortality. For in a crisis, every little thing counts.