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Reduced bone mineral density in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals: a meta-analysis of its prevalence and risk factors

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Abstract

Summary

A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. The prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis in HIV-infected and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated individuals was significantly higher than respective controls. Evidence regarding bone loss within first year of HIV infection or ART initiation was preliminary.

Purpose

The aim of the study is to systematically review published literature on the prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis and its associated risk factors in HIV-infected individuals.

Methods

A literature search was conducted from 1989 to 2015 in six databases. Full text, English articles on HIV-infected individuals ≥ 18 years, which used dual X-ray absorptiometry to measure BMD, were included. Studies were excluded if the prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis was without a comparison group, and the BMD/T-score were not reported.

Results

Twenty-one cross sectional and eight longitudinal studies were included. The prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis was significantly higher in both HIV-infected [odds ratio (OR) = 2.4 (95%Cl: 2.0, 2.8) at lumbar spine, 2.6 (95%Cl: 2.2, 3.0) at hip] and ART-treated individuals [OR = 2.8 (95%Cl: 2.0, 3.8) at lumbar spine, 3.4 (95%Cl: 2.5, 4.7) at hip] when compared to controls. PI-treated individuals had an OR of 1.3 (95%Cl: 1.0, 1.7) of developing osteopenia/osteoporosis compared to controls. A higher proportion of tenofovir-treated individuals (52.6%) had lower BMD compared to controls (42.7%), but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.248). No significant difference was found in the percent change of BMD at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, or total hip from baseline to follow-up between HIV-infected, PI-treated, tenofovir-treated, and controls. Older age, history of bone fracture, low BMI, low body weight, being Hispanic or Caucasian, low testosterone level, smoking, low CD4 cell count, lipodystrophy, low fat mass, and low lean body mass were associated with low BMD.

Conclusions

The prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis in HIV-infected and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated individuals was two times more compared to controls. However, evidence concerning bone loss within the first year of HIV infection and ART initiation was preliminary.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Ranita Bt. Hisham Shunmugam (medical librarian) for her assistance in designing comprehensive search strategies for this meta-analysis.

Funding

Funding for this study was obtained from the University of Malaya High Impact Research Grants for Malaysian Elderly Longitudinal Research group, MELOR (UM0000099/HIR.C3), Malaysia: HIV & Ageing group, MHIVA (H-20001-00-E000091 and Postgraduate Research Grant (PG197-2015B).

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  1. Sheron Sir Loon Goh, Pauline Siew Mei Lai, Alexander Tong Boon Tan and Sasheela Ponnampalavanar contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Primary Care Medicine, University of Malaya Primary Care Research Group, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    S. S. L. Goh & P. S. M. Lai

  2. Department of Medicine (Endocrine), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    A. T. B. Tan

  3. Department of Medicine (Infectious Disease), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    S. Ponnampalavanar

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Goh, S.S.L., Lai, P.S.M., Tan, A.T.B. et al. Reduced bone mineral density in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals: a meta-analysis of its prevalence and risk factors. Osteoporos Int 29, 595–613 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-017-4305-8

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