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The effects of smoking on bone metabolism

Osteoporosis International volume 23, pages 2081–2092 (2012)Cite this article

Abstract

Osteoporosis is a common, morbid and costly disorder characterized by deterioration in bone strength. Cigarette smoking is associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. There are basic, clinical, and observational studies that define several of the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms that predispose smokers to bone loss. Such mechanisms include alterations in calciotropic hormone metabolism and intestinal calcium absorption, dysregulation in sex hormone production and metabolism, alterations in adrenal cortical hormone metabolism and in the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) system (RANK–RANKL–OPG system), and direct cellular effects of cigarette use on bone cells. In addition, there is evidence of reversibility in the aforementioned mechanisms with smoking cessation. In summary, cigarette smoking is a reversible risk factor for osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures through diverse pathophysiologic mechanisms.

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Acknowledgment

The study was supported by The Endocrine Society Amgen Scholars Fellowship Award to VY.

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  1. The Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8885, USA

    V. Yoon, N. M. Maalouf & K. Sakhaee

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  1. V. Yoon
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  2. N. M. Maalouf
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  3. K. Sakhaee
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Correspondence to K. Sakhaee.

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Yoon, V., Maalouf, N.M. & Sakhaee, K. The effects of smoking on bone metabolism. Osteoporos Int 23, 2081–2092 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-012-1940-y

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Keywords

  • Osteoporosis
  • Smoking
  • Smoking cessation