Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Vitamin D in organ transplantation

  • Review
  • Published:
Osteoporosis International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among patients with end-stage organ failure awaiting transplant. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels in these patients may be related to many disease-specific factors, as well as decreased sunlight exposure and limited intake of foods containing vitamin D. Low serum 25-OHD levels are also extremely common following solid organ transplantation, both during the immediate postoperative period and in long-term graft recipients. Demographic and lifestyle factors are important in determining D status in transplant recipients. Worse vitamin D status is associated with poorer general health, lower albumin, and even decreased survival among these patients. Although several studies have demonstrated that active forms of vitamin D and its analogues prevent bone loss following transplantation, the data do not show consistent benefit. These therapies may have particular utility after renal transplantation. However, given the narrow therapeutic window with respect to hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria, and the demonstrated efficacy of bisphosphonates to prevent post-transplantation bone loss, we regard these agents as adjunctive rather than primary therapy for transplantation osteoporosis. The effects of 1,25(OH)2D on the immune system, which are still being elucidated, may have potential for reducing infections and preventing allograft rejection after transplantation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Dhesi JK, Bearne LM, Moniz C, Hurley MV, Jackson SH, Swift CG, Allain TJ (2002) Neuromuscular and psychomotor function in elderly subjects who fall and the relationship with vitamin D status. J Bone Miner Res 17:891–897

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Willett WC, Staehelin HB, Bazemore MG, Zee RY, Wong JB (2004) Effect of Vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis. JAMA 291:1999–2006

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Vieth R (1999) Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am J Clin Nutr 69:842–856

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Holick MF (2007) Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 357:266–281

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Lemire JM (1995) Immunomodulatory actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 53:599–602

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Armas LA, Hollis BW, Heaney RP (2004) Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:5387–5391

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Holick MF, Biancuzzo RM, Chen TC, Klein EK, Young A, Bibuld D, Reitz R, Salameh W, Ameri A, Tannenbaum AD (2008) Vitamin D2 is as effective as vitamin D3 in maintaining circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:677–681

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Trang HM, Cole DE, Rubin LA, Pierratos A, Siu S, Vieth R (1998) Evidence that vitamin D3 increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D more efficiently than does vitamin D2. Am J Clin Nutr 68:854–858

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Shane E, Mancini D, Aaronson K, Silverberg SJ, Seibel MJ, Addesso V, McMahon DJ (1997) Bone mass, vitamin D deficiency and hyperparathyroidism in congestive heart failure. Am J Med 103:197–207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Shane E, Silverberg SJ, Donovan D, Papadopoulos A, Staron RB, Addesso V, Jorgensen B, McGregor C, Shulman L (1996) Osteoporosis in lung transplantation candidates with end stage pulmonary disease. Am J Med 101:262–269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Monegal A, Navasa M, Guanabens N, Peris P, Pons F, Martinez de Osaba MJ, Ordi J, Rimola A, Rodes J, Munoz-Gomez J (2001) Bone disease after liver transplantation: a long-term prospective study of bone mass changes, hormonal status and histomorphometric characteristics. Osteoporos Int 12:484–492

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Compston J, Greer S, Skingle S, Stirling D, Price C, Friend P, Alexander G (1996) Early increase in plasma parathyroid hormone level following liver transplantation. J Hepatol 25:715–718

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Stavroulopoulos A, Porter CJ, Roe SD, Hosking DJ, Cassidy MJ (2008) Relationship between vitamin D status, parathyroid hormone levels and bone mineral density in patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3 and 4. Nephrol (Carlton) 13:63–67

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. LaClair RE, Hellman RN, Karp SL, Kraus M, Ofner S, Li Q, Graves KL, Moe SM (2005) Prevalence of calcidiol deficiency in CKD: a cross-sectional study across latitudes in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis 45:1026–1033

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Zittermann A, Schleithoff SS, Gotting C, Dronow O, Fuchs U, Kuhn J, Kleesiek K, Tenderich G, Koerfer R (2008) Poor outcome in end-stage heart failure patients with low circulating calcitriol levels. Eur J Heart Fail 10:321–327

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Tschopp O, Schmid C, Speich R, Seifert B, Russi EW, Boehler A (2006) Pretransplantation bone disease in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Chest 129:1002–1008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Tschopp O, Boehler A, Speich R, Weder W, Seifert B, Russi EW, Schmid C (2002) Osteoporosis before lung transplantation: association with low body mass index, but not with underlying disease. Am J Transplant 2:167–172

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Aris RM, Renner JB, Winders AD, Buell HE, Riggs DB, Lester GE, Ontjes DA (1998) Increased rate of fractures and severe kyphosis: sequelae of living into adulthood with cystic fibrosis. Ann Intern Med 128:186–193

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Donovan DS Jr, Papadopoulos A, Staron RB, Addesso V, Schulman L, McGregor C, Cosman F, Lindsay RL, Shane E (1998) Bone mass and vitamin D deficiency in adults with advanced cystic fibrosis lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:1892–1899

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ott SM, Aitken ML (1998) Osteoporosis in patients with cystic fibrosis. Clin Chest Med 19:555–567

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Forli L, Bjortuft O, Boe J (2009) Vitamin D status in relation to nutritional depletion and muscle function in patients with advanced pulmonary disease. Exp Lung Res 35:524–538

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Monegal A, Navasa M, Guanabens N, Peris P, Pons F, MJMd O, Rimola A, Rodes J, Munoz-Gomez J (1997) Osteoporosis and bone mineral metabolism in cirrhotic patients referred for liver transplantation. Calcif Tissue Int 60:148–154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bitetto D, Fabris C, Falleti E, Fornasiere E, Fumolo E, Fontanini E, Cussigh A, Occhino G, Baccarani U, Pirisi M, Toniutto P (2010) Vitamin D and the risk of acute allograft rejection following human liver transplantation. Liver Int 30:417–444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hruska KA, Matthew S (2008) Chronic kidney disease mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD). In: Rosen C (ed) Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Washington, pp 343–348

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  25. Ishimura E, Nishizawa Y, Inaba M, Matsumoto N, Emoto M, Kawagishi T, Shoji S, Okuno S, Kim M, Miki T, Morii H (1999) Serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in nondialyzed patients with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 55:1019–1027

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ravani P, Malberti F, Tripepi G, Pecchini P, Cutrupi S, Pizzini P, Mallamaci F, Zoccali C (2009) Vitamin D levels and patient outcome in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 75:88–95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Teng M, Wolf M, Lowrie E, Ofsthun N, Lazarus JM, Thadhani R (2003) Survival of patients undergoing hemodialysis with paricalcitol or calcitriol therapy. N Engl J Med 349:446–456

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Teng M, Wolf M, Ofsthun MN, Lazarus JM, Hernan MA, Camargo CA Jr, Thadhani R (2005) Activated injectable vitamin D and hemodialysis survival: a historical cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1115–1125

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kovesdy CP, Ahmadzadeh S, Anderson JE, Kalantar-Zadeh K (2008) Association of activated vitamin D treatment and mortality in chronic kidney disease. Arch Intern Med 168:397–403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Stein EM, Cohen A, Freeby M, Rogers H, Kokolus S, Scott V, Mancini D, Restaino S, Brown R, McMahon DJ, Shane E (2009) Severe vitamin D deficiency among heart and liver transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 23:861–865

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Querings K, Girndt M, Geisel J, Georg T, Tilgen W, Reichrath J (2006) 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in renal transplant recipients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:526–529

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Segal E, Baruch Y, Kramsky R, Raz B, Ish-Shalom S (2001) Vitamin D deficiency in liver transplant patients in Israel. Transplant Proc 33:2955–2956

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ewers B, Gasbjerg A, Moelgaard C, Frederiksen AM, Marckmann P (2008) Vitamin D status in kidney transplant patients: need for intensified routine supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 87:431–437

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Tripathi SS, Gibney EM, Gehr TW, King AL, Beckman MJ (2008) High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in African American kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 85:767–770

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Lips P, Chapuy MC, Dawson-Hughes B, Pols HA, Holick MF (1999) An international comparison of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurements. Osteoporos Int 9:394–397

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Binkley N, Krueger D, Cowgill CS, Plum L, Lake E, Hansen KE, DeLuca HF, Drezner MK (2004) Assay variation confounds the diagnosis of hypovitaminosis D: a call for standardization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:3152–3157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Glendenning P, Noble JM, Taranto M, Musk AA, McGuiness M, Goldswain PR, Fraser WD, Vasikaran SD (2003) Issues of methodology, standardization and metabolite recognition for 25-hydroxyvitamin D when comparing the DiaSorin radioimmunoassay and the Nichols Advantage automated chemiluminescence protein-binding assay in hip fracture cases. Ann Clin Biochem 40:546–551

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Reichrath J (2010) Dermatologic management, sun avoidance and vitamin D status in organ transplant recipients (OTR). J Photochem Photobiol B 101:150–159

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Courbebaisse M, Souberbielle JC, Thervet E (2010) Potential nonclassical effects of vitamin D in transplant recipients. Transplantation 89:131–137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Akeno N, Matsunuma A, Maeda T, Kawane T, Horiuchi N (2000) Regulation of vitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase and -24-hydroxylase expression by dexamethasone in mouse kidney. J Endocrinol 164:339–348

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Pascussi JM, Robert A, Nguyen M, Walrant-Debray O, Garabedian M, Martin P, Pineau T, Saric J, Navarro F, Maurel P, Vilarem MJ (2005) Possible involvement of pregnane X receptor-enhanced CYP24 expression in drug-induced osteomalacia. J Clin Invest 115:177–186

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Giannini S, Sella S, Netto FS, Cattelan C, Dalle Carbonare L, Lazzarin R, Marchini F, Rigotti P, Marcocci C, Cetani F, Pardi E, D’Angelo A, Realdi G, Bonfante L (2010) Persistent secondary hyperparathyroidism and vertebral fractures in kidney transplantation: role of calcium-sensing receptor polymorphisms and vitamin D deficiency. J Bone Miner Res 25:841–848

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Sadlier DM, Magee CC (2007) Prevalence of 25(OH) vitamin D (calcidiol) deficiency at time of renal transplantation: a prospective study. Clin Transplant 21:683–688

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Marcen R, Ponte B, Rodriguez-Mendiola N, Fernandez-Rodriguez A, Galeano C, Villafruela JJ, Teruel JL, Burgos FJ, Ortuno J (2009) Vitamin D deficiency in kidney transplant recipients: risk factors and effects of vitamin D3 supplements. Transplant Proc 41:2388–2390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Lynch IT, Eustace JA, Plant WD, Cashman KD, O’Keefe M, Lordan S, Moloney R (2007) Inadequate dietary calcium and vitamin D intakes in renal-transplant recipients in Ireland. J Ren Nutr 17:408–415

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Sezer S, Yavuz D, Canoz MB, Ozdemir FN, Haberal M (2009) Vitamin D status, bone mineral density, and inflammation in kidney transplantation patients. Transplant Proc 41:2823–2825

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Bhan I, Shah A, Holmes J, Isakova T, Gutierrez O, Burnett SM, Juppner H, Wolf M (2006) Post-transplant hypophosphatemia: tertiary ‘hyper-phosphatoninism’? Kidney Int 70:1486–1494

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Sambrook PN, Kelly PJ, Fontana D, Nguyen T, Keogh A, Macdonald D, Spratt P, Freund J, Eisman JA (1994) Mechanisms of rapid bone loss following cardiac transplantation. Osteoporos Int 4:273–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Shane E, Rivas M, McMahon DJ, Staron RB, Silverberg SJ, Seibel MJ, Mancini D, Michler R, Aaronson K, Addesso V, Lo SH (1997) Bone loss and turnover after cardiac transplantation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1497–1506

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Valimaki MJ, Kinnunen K, Tahtela R, Loyttyniemi E, Laitinen K, Makela P, Keto P, Nieminen M (1999) A prospective study of bone loss and turnover after cardiac transplantation: effect of calcium supplementation with or without calcitonin. Osteoporos Int 10:128–136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Zittermann A, Schleithoff SS, Gotting C, Fuchs U, Kuhn J, Kleesiek K, Tenderich G, Koerfer R (2009) Calcitriol deficiency and 1-year mortality in cardiac transplant recipients. Transplantation 87:118–124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Segal E, Baruch Y, Kramsky R, Raz B, Tamir A, Ish-Shalom S (2003) Predominant factors associated with bone loss in liver transplant patients—after prolonged post-transplantation period. Clin Transplant 17:13–19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Guichelaar MM, Kendall R, Malinchoc M, Hay JE (2006) Bone mineral density before and after OLT: long-term follow-up and predictive factors. Liver Transplant 12:1390–1402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Floreani A, Mega A, Tizian L, Burra P, Boccagni P, Baldo V, Fagiuoli S, Naccarato R, Luisetto G (2001) Bone metabolism and gonad function in male patients undergoing liver transplantation: a two-year longitudinal study. Osteoporos Int 12:749–754

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Hawkins FG, Leon M, Lopez MB, Valero MA, Larrodera L, Garcia-Garcia I, Loinaz C, Gonzales EM (1994) Bone loss and turnover in patients with liver transplantation. Hepato Gastroenterol 41:158–161

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Meys E, Fontanges E, Fourcade N, Thomasson A, Pouyet M, Delmas P (1994) Bone loss after orthotopic liver transplantation. Am J Med 97:445–450

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Valero M, Loinaz C, Larrodera L, Leon M, Morena E, Hawkins F (1995) Calcitonin and bisphosphonate treatment in bone loss after liver transplantation. Calcif Tissue Int 57:15–19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Sambrook P (1999) Alfacalcidol and calcitriol in the prevention of bone loss after organ transplantation. Calcif Tissue Int 65:341–343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Briffa NK, Keogh AM, Sambrook PN, Eisman JA (2003) Reduction of immunosuppressant therapy requirement in heart transplantation by calcitriol. Transplantation 75:2133–2134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lemire JM (1992) Immunomodulatory role of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Cell Biochem 49:26–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Lemire JM, Archer DC, Reddy GS (1994) Dihydroxy-24-oxo-16-ene-vitamin D3, a renal metabolite of the vitamin D analog 1, 25-dihydroxy-16ene-vitamin D3, exerts immunosuppressive activity equal to its parent without causing hypercalcemia in vivo. Endocrinology 135:2818–2821

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Shane E, Addesso V, Namerow PB, McMahon DJ, Lo SH, Staron RB, Zucker M, Pardi S, Maybaum S, Mancini D (2004) Alendronate versus calcitriol for the prevention of bone loss after cardiac transplantation. N Engl J Med 350:767–776

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Krieg MA, Seydoux C, Sandini L, Goy JJ, Berguer DG, Thiebaud D, Burckhardt P (2001) Intravenous pamidronate as treatment for osteoporosis after heart transplantation: a prospective study. Osteoporos Int 12:112–116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Henderson K, Eisman J, Keogh A, MacDonald P, Glanville A, Spratt P, Sambrook P (2001) Protective effect of short-term calcitriol or cyclical etidronate on bone loss after cardiac or lung transplantation. J Bone Miner Res 16:565–571

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Shane E, Papadopoulos A, Staron RB, Addesso V, Donovan D, McGregor C, Schulman LL (1999) Bone loss and fracture after lung transplantation. Transplantation 68:220–227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Al-Gabri S, Zadrazil J, Krejci K, Horak P, Bachleda P (2005) Changes in bone mineral density and selected metabolic parameters over 24 months following renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 37:1014–1019

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Wissing KM, Broeders N, Moreno-Reyes R, Gervy C, Stallenberg B, Abramowicz D (2005) A controlled study of vitamin D3 to prevent bone loss in renal-transplant patients receiving low doses of steroids. Transplantation 79:108–115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Garcia-Delgado I, Prieto S, Gil-Fraguas L, Robles E, Rufilanchas JJ, Hawkins F (1997) Calcitonin, etidronate, and calcidiol treatment in bone loss after cardiac transplantation. Calcif Tissue Int 60:155–159

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. El-Agroudy AE, El-Husseini AA, El-Sayed M, Ghoneim MA (2003) Preventing bone loss in renal transplant recipients with vitamin D. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:2975–2979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. De Sevaux RG, Hoitsma AJ, Corstens FH, Wetzels JF (2002) Treatment with vitamin D and calcium reduces bone loss after renal transplantation: a randomized study. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:1608–1614

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. El-Agroudy AE, El-Husseini AA, El-Sayed M, Mohsen T, Ghoneim MA (2005) A prospective randomized study for prevention of postrenal transplantation bone loss. Kidney Int 67:2039–2045

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Fleseriu M, Licata AA (2007) Failure of successful renal transplant to produce appropriate levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Osteoporos Int 18:363–368

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Uyar M, Sezer S, Arat Z, Elsurer R, Ozdemir FN, Haberal M (2006) 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) therapy is protective for renal function and prevents hyperparathyroidism in renal allograft recipients. Transplant Proc 38:2069–2073

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Josephson MA, Schumm LP, Chiu MY, Marshall C, Thistlethwaite JR, Sprague SM (2004) Calcium and calcitriol prophylaxis attenuates posttransplant bone loss. Transplantation 78:1233–1236

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Torres A, Garcia S, Gomez A, Gonzalez A, Barrios Y, Concepcion MT, Hernandez D, Garcia JJ, Checa MD, Lorenzo V, Salido E (2004) Treatment with intermittent calcitriol and calcium reduces bone loss after renal transplantation. Kidney Int 65:705–712

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Sambrook P, Henderson NK, Keogh A, MacDonald P, Glanville A, Spratt P, Bergin P, Ebeling P, Eisman J (2000) Effect of calcitriol on bone loss after cardiac or lung transplantation. J Bone Miner Res 15:1818–1824

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Cohen A, Addesso V, McMahon DJ, Staron RB, Namerow P, Maybaum S, Mancini D, Shane E (2006) Discontinuing antiresorptive therapy one year after cardiac transplantation: effect on bone density and bone turnover. Transplantation 81:686–691

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Cueto-Manzano AM, Konel S, Freemont AJ, Adams JE, Mawer B, Gokal R, Hutchison AJ (2000) Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium carbonate on bone loss associated with long-term renal transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 35:227–236

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Stempfle HU, Werner C, Siebert U, Assum T, Wehr U, Rambeck WA, Meiser B, Theisen K, Gartner R (2002) The role of tacrolimus (FK506)-based immunosuppression on bone mineral density and bone turnover after cardiac transplantation: a prospective, longitudinal, randomized, double-blind trial with calcitriol. Transplantation 73:547–552

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Stempfle HU, Werner C, Echtler S, Wehr U, Rambeck WA, Siebert U, Uberfuhr P, Angermann CE, Theisen K, Gartner R (1999) Prevention of osteoporosis after cardiac transplantation: a prospective, longitudinal, randomized, double-blind trial with calcitriol. Transplantation 68:523–530

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Kovac D, Lindic J, Kandus A, Bren AF (2001) Prevention of bone loss in kidney graft recipients. Transplant Proc 33:1144–1145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Giannini S, Dangel A, Carraro G, Nobile M, Rigotti P, Bonfante L, Marchini F, Zaninotto M, Dalle Carbonare L, Sartori L, Crepaldi G (2001) Alendronate prevents further bone loss in renal transplant recipients. J Bone Miner Res 16:2111–2117

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Trabulus S, Altiparmak MR, Apaydin S, Serdengecti K, Sariyar M (2008) Treatment of renal transplant recipients with low bone mineral density: a randomized prospective trial of alendronate, alfacalcidol, and alendronate combined with alfacalcidol. Transplant Proc 40:160–166

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Coco M, Glicklich D, Faugere MC, Burris L, Bognar I, Durkin P, Tellis V, Greenstein S, Schechner R, Figueroa K, McDonough P, Wang G, Malluche H (2003) Prevention of bone loss in renal transplant recipients: a prospective, randomized trial of intravenous pamidronate. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:2669–2676

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Crawford BA, Kam C, Pavlovic J, Byth K, Handelsman DJ, Angus PW, McCaughan GW (2006) Zoledronic acid prevents bone loss after liver transplantation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 144:239–248

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Vieth R (2007) Vitamin D toxicity, policy, and science. J Bone Miner Res 22(Suppl 2):V64–V68

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Breen TL, Shane E (2004) Prolonged hypocalcemia after treatment with zoledronic acid in a patient with prostate cancer and vitamin D deficiency. J Clin Oncol 22:1531–1532

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Bikle DD (2008) Vitamin D and the immune system: role in protection against bacterial infection. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 17:348–352

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Adams JS, Hewison M (2010) Update in vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:471–478

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Peric M, Koglin S, Kim SM, Morizane S, Besch R, Prinz JC, Ruzicka T, Gallo RL, Schauber J (2008) IL-17A enhances vitamin D3-induced expression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide in human keratinocytes. J Immunol 181:8504–8512

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Schauber J, Oda Y, Buchau AS, Yun QC, Steinmeyer A, Zugel U, Bikle DD, Gallo RL (2008) Histone acetylation in keratinocytes enables control of the expression of cathelicidin and CD14 by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Invest Dermatol 128:816–824

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Liu N, Nguyen L, Chun RF, Lagishetty V, Ren S, Wu S, Hollis B, DeLuca HF, Adams JS, Hewison M (2008) Altered endocrine and autocrine metabolism of vitamin D in a mouse model of gastrointestinal inflammation. Endocrinology 149:4799–4808

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Hansdottir S, Monick MM, Hinde SL, Lovan N, Look DC, Hunninghake GW (2008) Respiratory epithelial cells convert inactive vitamin D to its active form: potential effects on host defense. J Immunol 181:7090–7099

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Cantorna MT, Hullett DA, Redaelli C, Brandt CR, Humpal-Winter J, Sollinger HW, Deluca HF (1998) 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 prolongs graft survival without compromising host resistance to infection or bone mineral density. Transplantation 66:828–831

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Ginde AA, Mansbach JM, Camargo CA Jr (2009) Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 169:384–390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Zhang AB, Zheng SS, Jia CK, Wang Y (2003) Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on preventing allograft from acute rejection following rat orthotopic liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 9:1067–1071

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Redaelli CA, Wagner M, Tien YH, Mazzucchelli L, Stahel PF, Schilling MK, Dufour JF (2001) 1 alpha, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol reduces rejection and improves survival in rat liver allografts. Hepatology 34:926–934

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Becker BN, Hullett DA, O’Herrin JK, Malin G, Sollinger HW, DeLuca H (2002) Vitamin D as immunomodulatory therapy for kidney transplantation. Transplantation 74:1204–1206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hullett DA, Cantorna MT, Redaelli C, Humpal-Winter J, Hayes CE, Sollinger HW, Deluca HF (1998) Prolongation of allograft survival by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Transplantation 66:824–828

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Tanaci N, Karakose H, Guvener N, Tutuncu NB, Colak T, Haberal M (2003) Influence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 as an immunomodulator in renal transplant recipients: a retrospective cohort study. Transplant Proc 35:2885–2887

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Ahmadpoor P, Ilkhanizadeh B, Ghasemmahdi L, Makhdoomi K, Ghafari A (2009) Effect of active vitamin D on expression of co-stimulatory molecules and HLA-DR in renal transplant recipients. Exp Clin Transplant 7:99–103

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. National Kidney Foundation (2003) K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 42:1–201

    Google Scholar 

  103. Lappe JM, Travers-Gustafson D, Davies KM, Recker RR, Heaney RP (2007) Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 85:1586–1591

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Wactawski-Wende J, Kotchen JM, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Brunner RL, O’Sullivan MJ, Margolis KL, Ockene JK, Phillips L, Pottern L, Prentice RL, Robbins J, Rohan TE, Sarto GE, Sharma S, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Wallace RB, Whitlock E, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Bonds DE, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Cochrane B, Garland C, Gass M, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Jackson RD, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kooperberg CL, Kuller LH, LaCroix AZ, Lane DS, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Lewis CE, Limacher MC, Manson JE (2006) Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 354:684–696

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Pilz S, Dobnig H, Fischer JE, Wellnitz B, Seelhorst U, Boehm BO, Marz W (2008) Low vitamin D levels predict stroke in patients referred to coronary angiography. Stroke 39:2611–2613

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Pilz S, Marz W, Wellnitz B, Seelhorst U, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Dimai HP, Boehm BO, Dobnig H (2008) Association of vitamin D deficiency with heart failure and sudden cardiac death in a large cross-sectional study of patients referred for coronary angiography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:3927–3935

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Dobnig H, Pilz S, Scharnagl H, Renner W, Seelhorst U, Wellnitz B, Kinkeldei J, Boehm BO, Weihrauch G, Maerz W (2008) Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med 168:1340–1349

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Autier P, Gandini S (2007) Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 167:1730–1737

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Virtanen JK, Nurmi T, Voutilainen S, Mursu J, Tuomainen TP (2010) Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with the risk of death in a general older population in Finland. Eur J Nutr Oct 26. doi:10.1007/s00394-010-0138-3

Download references

Conflicts of interest

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, PH8-864, New York, NY, 10032, USA

    E. M. Stein & E. Shane

Authors
  1. E. M. Stein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. Shane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to E. M. Stein.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Stein, E.M., Shane, E. Vitamin D in organ transplantation. Osteoporos Int 22, 2107–2118 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-010-1523-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-010-1523-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation