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How to determine “ballooning” of the levator hiatus on clinical examination: a retrospective observational study

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Abstract

Introduction and hypothesis

Dimensions of the levator hiatus determined on imaging are strong predictors of symptoms and signs of female pelvic organ prolapse (FPOP) and of FPOP recurrence. A clinical equivalence can be recorded as genital hiatus (Gh) + perineal body (Pb) using the ICS prolapse quantification system. The objective of this study was to stratify the Gh+Pb measurement to provide clinicians with clinical diagnostic criteria similar to those available on imaging.

Methods

A retrospective study of the data sets of 477 patients seen in a tertiary urogynecological clinic.

Results

On average, Gh was 4.2 (range, 1.5–8.5) cm, Pb 3.8 (range, 2.0–7.0) cm, Gh+Pb 7.9 cm (range, 4.2–13.0). The sum of Gh+Pb was strongly associated with symptoms (p < 0.001) and signs (p < 0.001) of FPOP. On receiver–operator characteristic statistics, the area under the curve was determined as 0.707 (0.658–0.755) in predicting symptoms of FPOP, and as 0.890 (0.854–0.925) for predicting FPOP ≥ stage 2, using 7 cm as the optimal cut-off for Gh+Pb. Using the data sets of 309 patients with abnormal (i.e. ≥7 cm) Gh+Pb measurements, we stratified abnormal hiatal distensibility, or “ballooning”, into mild, moderate, marked and severe as Gh+Pb = 7.0–7.99 cm, 8.0–8.99 cm, 9.0–9.99 cm and 10 cm or more respectively, as the optimal compromise between easily remembered cut-off numbers and quartiles.

Conclusions

The sum of Gh+Pb measurement may allow clinicians to determine the degree of excessive hiatal distensibility or ‘ballooning’ without requiring imaging assessment.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Andrew Martin, biostatistician, for help with statistical analysis.

Conflicts of interest

B. Gerges, I. A. Kamisan and K. L. Shek have no conflicts of interest. H. P. Dietz has received an unrestricted educational grant from GE Medical.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sydney Medical School Nepean, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, NSW, 2750, Australia

    B. Gerges, I. Kamisan Atan, K. L. Shek & H. P. Dietz

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  1. B. Gerges
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  2. I. Kamisan Atan
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  3. K. L. Shek
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  4. H. P. Dietz
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to H. P. Dietz.

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Gerges, B., Kamisan Atan, I., Shek, K.L. et al. How to determine “ballooning” of the levator hiatus on clinical examination: a retrospective observational study. Int Urogynecol J 24, 1933–1937 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-013-2119-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-013-2119-6

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