Healing patterns of bladder injuries incurred at laparoscopic hysterectomy: a histologic assessment

Abstract

The objective of this study was to describe histologic healing patterns of bladder injuries during laparoscopic hysterectomy. This was a prospective experimental analysis (Canadian Task Force classification II-1) performed at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center animal laboratory using virgin female mongrels. Sixteen animals divided into groups of four underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy and bladder injury. In group 1, the bladder injury consisted of a 1-cm bladder base injury with bipolar electrosurgical current. In group 2, suture placement through full thickness bladder was performed during closure of the vaginal cuff. A 1-cm bladder base laceration with monopolar cautery was induced and repaired laparoscopically in group 3; group 4 underwent a similar injury to that of group 3 but the repair incorporated full thickness anterior vaginal cuff. Animals were euthanized at least 28 days after the surgery; the bladders and vaginas were harvested en bloc for histologic tissue preparation. Histologic qualifications of inflammation, fibrosis, granuloma formation, necrosis, cautery artifact, granulation tissue, the presence of arteritis, recanalization thrombus, foreign body giant cells, and fistula formation were evaluated at the sites of bladder injury. When analyzed separately, the difference in these post-injury histologic manifestations was not statistically significant. The same was true when comparison was made between groups 1 and 2 (no bladder laceration) vs groups 3 and 4 (monopolar-induced bladder base lacerations). After a healing period of at least 28 days, the histologic manifestations of the various bladder injuries in all groups are similar.