Abstract
Assessment of mass-induced sea level (MISL) variability in the Tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) was studied using observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) during 2003–2017 in conjunction with the steric effects in the sea level anomaly as measured by satellite altimeters. Two steric sea levels were estimated from the ocean model analysis and Argo gridded temperature and salinity fields. These datasets were consistent with each other and to the altimeter measured sea level records. They exhibited a coherent seasonal cycle with unique spatial patterns of amplitude maxima associated with annual and semi-annual harmonics. Steric component remained as a major contributor to the sea level variability at all the time scales. Addition of the GRACE measured MISL to the steric sea level improved the estimation of sea level (as measured by satellite altimeter) over most part of the TIO except over the northern part of the Arabian Sea. It was observed that the MISL had a significant contribution to the sea level variability at intra-seasonal and seasonal time scales and a minor contribution to the sea level inter-annual variability. During all the El Niño years, sea level underwent a large fluctuation coherent to the steric component. A linear barotropic vortex conservation model driven by ocean surface winds explained a major part of the observed MISL high-frequency variability in the Equatorial and southern TIO, and overestimated the observation in the northern TIO.
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Data availability
SLA observations are available from the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service at https://resources.marine.copernicus.eu/?option=com_csw&view=details&product_id=SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_REP_OBSERVATIONS_008_047. SODA ocean temperature and salinity re-analysis can be found at https://www2.atmos.umd.edu/~ocean/index_files/soda3.3.1_mn_download.htm and IPRC-Argo gridded temperature and salinity field at http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu/las/v6/dataset?catitem=79. BPR observations are available from National Data Buoy Centre under Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) program at http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/dart.shtml. Data of wind stress and sea level pressure can be found at https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/interim-full-moda/levtype=sfc/; the data of ocean depth are at https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/relief/ETOPO5/TOPO/; MEI observation is at https://www.psl.noaa.gov/enso/mei/. GRACE LWET observations were archived from https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/dataset/TELLUS_GRACE_MASCON_CRI_GRID_RL06_V1, which is now displaced to a new location at https://podaac-tools.jpl.nasa.gov/drive/files/allData/tellus/L3/mascon/RL06/JPL/v02/CRI/netcdf; other data sets generated and analysed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
This research is carried out as part of Mesoscale Ocean Processes and Modelling Project of National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), ISRO, Hyderabad. Our sincere thanks to Director NRSC and Director, INCOIS for providing necessary support and guidance for this work. We express our due acknowledgement to various data providers. Finally, we thank two editors, Prof. Jürgen Kusche and Prof. Anny Cazenave, and two reviewers for their valuable feedback, which helped us to significantly improve the manuscript.
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RKN conceptualized the study and SSM executed the work; RKN guided SSM during entire execution of the work including development of methods and analysis; RKN and SSM wrote the manuscript; PCM supported analysis of BPR data and contributed in writing of results section; MVRSS and VKD provided guidance throughout the work and they have contributed in writing of result and discussion sections of the manuscript.
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Manche, S.S., Nayak, R.K., Mohanty, P.C. et al. Assessment of mass-induced sea level variability in the Tropical Indian Ocean based on GRACE and altimeter observations. J Geod 95, 19 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-021-01471-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-021-01471-2