Abstract
Machining Inconel 718, a high-strength superalloy with applications in critical industries, presents unique challenges. Conventional cutting fluid application has long been employed for machining Inconel 718 with cemented carbide tools. While it effectively provides cooling and lubrication, it raises significant sustainability concerns. It contributes substantially to production costs, poses environmental toxicity risks, and impacts workplace safety and environmental well-being. Researchers have explored alternative cooling strategies to mitigate these issues, including minimum quantity lubrication, cryogenic fluids, and minimum quantity cooled lubrication. However, even these less enviromental harmful machining cooling techniques have some fluid dispersion into the atmosphere, creating some sustainable impact. Thus, an ideal cooling system should adopt a closed-loop system to prevent fluid dispersion, ensuring eco-friendliness while offering efficient lubri-cooling for chip formation. This study introduces and evaluates the performance of an internally cooled tool system, utilizing cemented carbide square inserts with internal galleries for continuous water circulation within a closed loop. These new tools were rigorously tested in turning Inconel 718 superalloy and benchmarked against conventional cutting fluids and dry machining. The experimental factors encompassed these three different cutting atmospheres and tool coatings (TiNAl or AlCrN over TiNAl - AlCrN+). The key performance metrics assessed included cutting forces, workpiece surface roughness, and tool life. The primary conclusion revealed that the internally cooled tools outperformed cutting fluids when employing the TiNAl coating, exhibiting a material removal rate 27% higher than cutting fluids and an impressive 262% gain over dry machining. AlCrN+ with cutting fluids demonstrated the most exceptional performance, yielding a material removal rate 46% superior to internally cooled tools and an astonishing 306% increase compared to dry machining. The influence of TiNAl on increasing cutting forces was consistent with expectations, primarily due to its higher coefficient of friction relative to AlCrN+. The other input variables exhibited no statistically significant differences under the tested conditions. In sum, internally cooled tools emerge as an innovative and environmentally sustainable solution for machining Inconel 718. They offer outstanding heat removal capabilities and substantial advantages over cutting fluids while significantly surpassing the performance of dry machining, thereby addressing crucial concerns in sustainable machining practices.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets obtained during the current work are available from the corresponding author upon request.
References
Trent EM, Wright PK (2000) Metal cutting. Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-075067069-2/50007-3
da Silva MB, Wallbank J (1999) Cutting temperature: prediction and measurement methods—a review. J Mater Process Technol 88:195–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(98)00395-1
Luchesi VM, Coelho RT (2012) An inverse method to estimate the moving heat source in machining process. Appl Therm Eng 45:64–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.04.014
Fernandes GHN, Barbosa LMQ (2022) Machining cooling techniques: an introduction, 1st edn. Even3, Recife. https://doi.org/10.29327/559427
Fleischer J, Pabst R, Kelemen S (2007) Heat flow simulation for dry machining of power train castings. CIRP Ann 56:117–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2007.05.030
Ueda T, Hosokawa A, Yamada K (2005) Effect of oil mist on tool temperature in cutting. ASME J Manuf Sci Eng 158(1):130–135. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2039099
Yildiz Y, Nalbant M (2008) A review of cryogenic cooling in machining processes. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 48:947–964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2008.01.008
Fernandes GHN, Barbosa LMQ (2022) Heat in machining. Machining cooling techniques. Even3 Publicações, pp 10–23. https://doi.org/10.29327/559427.1-1
Debnath S, Reddy MM, Yi QS (2014) Environmental friendly cutting fluids and cooling techniques in machining: a review. J Clean Prod 83:33–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.07.071
Dhar NRR, Kamruzzaman M (2007) Cutting temperature, tool wear, surface roughness and dimensional deviation in turning AISI-4037 steel under cryogenic condition. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 47:754–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2006.09.018
Díaz-Álvarez J, Tapetado A, Vázquez C, Miguélez H (2017) Temperature measurement and numerical prediction in machining inconel 718. Sensors 17:1531. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17071531
Mahesh K, Philip JT, Joshi SN, Kuriachen B (2021) Machinability of Inconel 718: a critical review on the impact of cutting temperatures. Mater Manuf Process 36:753–791. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2020.1843671
Amigo FJ, Urbikain G, López de Lacalle LN et al (2023) Prediction of cutting forces including tool wear in high-feed turning of Nimonic® C-263 superalloy: a geometric distortion-based model. Meas J Int Meas Confed 211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2023.112580
Ezugwu WZM, Machado AR (1999) The machinability of nickel-based alloys: a review. J Mater Process Technol 86:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(98)00314-8
Martins PS, dos Santos JO, Carneiro JRG et al (2022) Study of wear behavior and tool life in different taps during the internal threading of a nodular iron engine crankshaft. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 120:7803–7814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-09290-1
de Sousa Neves CA, Carneiro JRG, da Silva GC et al (2023) Analyzing micro-geometric deviations of a helical gear profile as a function of material and machining parameters in the hobbing, shaving and carbonitriding processes. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 126:5665–5676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11505-y
Almeida Carvalho DO, da Silva LRR, de Souza FCR et al (2022) Flooding application of vegetable-and mineral-based cutting fluids in turning of AISI 1050 Steel. Lubricants 10:309. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10110309
Fernandes GHN, Barbosa LMQ (2022) Wet machining - WM. Machining cooling techniques. Even3 Publicações, pp 24–34. https://doi.org/10.29327/559427.1-2
Sankaranarayanan R, Krolczyk GM (2021) A comprehensive review on research developments of vegetable-oil based cutting fluids for sustainable machining challenges. J Manuf Process 67:286–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.05.002
Grand View Research O (2017) Metalworking fluids market size, share & trends analysis report by product (mineral, synthetic), by end-use (machinery, transportation equipment), by industrial end-use, by application, and segment forecasts, 2022 - 2030
Demirbas E, Kobya M (2017) Operating cost and treatment of metalworking fluid wastewater by chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation processes. Process Saf Environ Prot 105:79–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2016.10.013
Wu X, Li C, Zhou Z et al (2021) Circulating purification of cutting fluid: an overview. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 117:2565–2600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07854-1
Pervaiz S, Kannan S, Kishawy HA (2018) An extensive review of the water consumption and cutting fluid based sustainability concerns in the metal cutting sector. J Clean Prod 197:134–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.190
Fernandes GHN, Barbosa LMQ (2022) Machining cooling techniques. Even3 Publicações. https://doi.org/10.29327/559427
Sultana Nazma, Dhar NR (2022) A critical review on the progress of MQL in machining hardened steels. Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies 8(4):3834–3858. https://doi.org/10.1080/2374068X.2022.2036041
Said Z, Gupta M, Hegab H et al (2019) A comprehensive review on minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) in machining processes using nano-cutting fluids. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 105:2057–2086. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04382-x
de Carvalho PP, Fernandes GHN, Barbosa LMQ et al (2023) Different cooling strategies applied during the process of aluminum alloy boring. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11840-0
Dong PQ, Duc TM (2019) Performance evaluation of MQCL hard milling of SKD 11 tool steel using MoS2 nanofluid. Metals (Basel) 9:658. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9060658
Anand N, Kumar AS, Paul S (2019) Effect of cutting fluids applied in MQCL mode on machinability of Ti-6Al-4V. J Manuf Process 43:154–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.05.029
Fang Z, Obikawa T (2020) Influence of cutting fluid flow on tool wear in high-pressure coolant turning using a novel internally cooled insert. J Manuf Process 56:1114–1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMAPRO.2020.05.028
Çolak O (2012) Investigation on machining performance of Inconel 718 in high pressure cooling conditions. Strojniški vestnik-Journal Mech Eng 58:683–690. https://doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2012.730
Ishfaq K, Anjum I, Pruncu CI, Amjad M, Kumar MS, Maqsood MA (2021) Progressing towards Sustainable Machining of Steels: A Detailed Review. Materials 14(18):5162. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185162
Arafat R, Madanchi N, Thiede S et al (2021) Supercritical carbon dioxide and minimum quantity lubrication in pendular surface grinding – a feasibility study. J Clean Prod 296:126560. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2021.126560
Marques A, Paipa Suarez M, Falco Sales W, Rocha Machado Á (2019) Turning of Inconel 718 with whisker-reinforced ceramic tools applying vegetable-based cutting fluid mixed with solid lubricants by MQL. J Mater Process Technol 266:530–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.11.032
Deng J, Song W, Zhang H et al (2011) Friction and wear behaviors of the carbide tools embedded with solid lubricants in sliding wear tests and in dry cutting processes. Wear 270:666–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2011.01.031
Fernandes GHN, Lopes GHF, Barbosa LMQ et al (2021) Wear mechanisms of diamond-like carbon coated tools in tapping of AA6351 T6 aluminium alloy. Procedia Manuf 53:293–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROMFG.2021.06.032
Singh RK, Dixit AR, Mandal A, Sharma AK (2017) Emerging application of nanoparticle-enriched cutting fluid in metal removal processes: a review. J Brazilian Soc Mech Sci Eng 39:4677–4717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-017-0839-0
Adil A, Baig T, Jamil F et al (2023) Nanoparticle-based cutting fluids in drilling: a recent review. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11048-2
Nagpal J, Rana R, Lal R (2022) A brief review on various effects of surface texturing using lasers on the tool inserts. Mater Today Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.01.272
Jarosz K (2021) A review of the recent investigations regarding texturized cutting tools. Mechanik 94:6–9. https://doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2021.4.7
Deshpande S, Deshpande Y (2019) A review on cooling systems used in machining processes. Mater Today Proc 18:5019–5031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.496
Araújo RP, Rolim TL, Oliveira CA et al (2019) Analysis of the surface roughness and cutting tool wear using a vapor compression assisted cooling system to cool the cutting fluid in turning operation. J Manuf Process 44:38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.05.040
Kafkas F (2022) Evaluation of the efficiency of an ultrasonic atomization-based coolant (uACF) spray system in external turning using different nozzle tips. J Manuf Process 81:991–1004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.07.043
Fernandes GHN, Barbosa LMQ (2022) Dry machining - part I. Machining cooling techniques. Even3 Publicações, pp 58–71. https://doi.org/10.29327/559427.1-5
Liu N, Zou X, Yuan J et al (2021) Optimization of MQL turning process considering the distribution and control of cutting fluid mist particles. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 116:1233–1246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07480-x
Jadhav PS, Mohanty CP (2022) Performance assessment of energy efficient and eco-friendly turning of Nimonic C-263: a comparative study on MQL and cryogenic machining. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part B J Eng Manuf 236:1125–1140. https://doi.org/10.1177/09544054211061961
Kale A, Khanna N (2017) A review on cryogenic machining of super alloys used in aerospace industry. Procedia Manuf 7:191–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2016.12.047
Amigo FJ, Urbikain G, Pereira O et al (2020) Combination of high feed turning with cryogenic cooling on Haynes 263 and Inconel 718 superalloys. J Manuf Process 58:208–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.08.029
Li C, Qiu X, Yu Z et al (2021) Novel environmentally friendly manufacturing method for micro-textured cutting tools. Int J Precis Eng Manuf Technol 8:193–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-020-00256-w
Fernandes GHN, Bazon VT, Barbosa LMQ et al (2023) Performance comparison between internally cooled tools and flood cooling during grey cast iron turning. J Manuf Process 85:817–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.11.040
França PHP, Barbosa LMQ, Fernandes GHN et al (2022) Thermal analysis of a proposed internally cooled machining tool system. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-10602-8
Ingraci Neto RR, Scalon VL, Fiocchi AA, Sanchez LEA (2016) Indirect cooling of the cutting tool with a pumped two-phase system in turning of AISI 1045 steel. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 87:2485–2495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-8620-6
Rozzi C, Chen W, Archibald EE (2011) Indirect cooling of a cutting tool. 2
Meyers PG (1964) T00L C00LING APPARATUS. 4–9
Jeffries NP, Zerkle RD (1970) Thermal analysis of an internally-cooled metal-cutting tool. Int J Mach Tool Des Res 10:381–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7357(70)90019-3
Wei X (2019) Novel turning tool with an internal cooling system. The University of Manchester
Öztürk E, Yıldızlı K, Sağlam F (2021) Investigation on an innovative internally cooled smart cutting tool with the built-in cooling-control system. Arab J Sci Eng 46:2397–2411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-05002-7
Fernandes G, Barbosa L, França P et al (2023) Enhancing sustainability in INCONEL 718 machining: temperature control with internally cooled tools. Int J Adv Manuf Technol
Fernandes GHN, Barbosa LMQ, França PHP et al (2023) Towards green machining: wear analysis of a novel ecofriendly cooling strategy for Inconel 718. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-12207-1
ASM International (1990) ASM handbook, volume 2, properties and selection: nonferrous alloys and special-purpose materials
Marques A (2015) Torneamento de INCONEL 718 com aplicação de lubrificantes sólidos. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
Ceratizit (2022) CNMG
Balzers O (2013) BALINIT ® ALNOVA For ambitious milling applications
Iso 3685 (1993) Tool-life testing with single-point turning tools
ABNT NBR ISO 4288 (2008) Especificações geométricas de produto (GPS) - Rugosidade: Método do perfil - Regras e procedimentos para avaliação de rugosidade
Klocke F (2011) Manufacturing processes 1 cutting translated by Aaron Kuchle. Library of Congress Control. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11979-8_1
Peixoto ACS (2021) Análise da força de corte e rugosidade no torneamento de ferro fundido cinzento utilizando sistema de resfriamento interno da ferramenta. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia. https://doi.org/10.14393/ufu.di.2021.5592
Barbosa LMQ (2021) Torneamento de aço endurecido ABNT - D6 com ferramenta de PCBN refrigerada através de galerias internas. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia. https://doi.org/10.14393/ufu.di.2021.282
Zhang S, Li JF, Wang YW (2012) Tool life and cutting forces in end milling Inconel 718 under dry and minimum quantity cooling lubrication cutting conditions. J Clean Prod 32:81–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.03.014
Revuru RS, Posinasetti NR, VSN VR, Amrita M (2017) Application of cutting fluids in machining of titanium alloys—a review. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 91:2477–2498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9883-7
Gupta MK, Jamil M, Wang X et al (2019) Performance evaluation of vegetable oil-based nano-cutting fluids in environmentally friendly machining of inconel-800 alloy. Materials (Basel) 12:2792. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12172792
Ramanujam R, Vignesh M, Tamiloli N et al (2018) Comparative evaluation of performances of TiAlN, AlCrN, TiAlN/AlCrN coated carbide cutting tools and uncoated carbide cutting tools on turning Inconel 825 alloy using Grey Relational Analysis. Sensors Actuators A Phys 279:331–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2018.06.041
Sampath Kumar T, Balasivanandha Prabu S, Manivasagam G, Padmanabhan KA (2014) Comparison of TiAlN, AlCrN, and AlCrN/TiAlN coatings for cutting-tool applications. Int J Miner Metall Mater 21:796–805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0973-y
Machado AR, Abrão AM, Coelho RT, Silva MB (2015) Teoria da Usinagem dos Materiais
Pusavec F, Hamdi H, Kopac J, Jawahir IS (2011) Surface integrity in cryogenic machining of nickel based alloy—Inconel 718. J Mater Process Technol 211:773–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.12.013
Barbosa LMQ, França PHP, Fernandes GHN et al (2023) Comparison of the performance of the internally cooled tool in closed circuit against standard PCBN tools in turning AISI D6 hardened. J Manuf Process
Komanduri R, Schroeder TA (1986) On shear instability in machining a nickel-iron base superalloy. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3187056
De Bartolomeis A, Newman ST, Biermann D, Shokrani A (2021) State-of-the-art cooling and lubrication for machining Inconel 718. J Manuf Sci Eng 143. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4047842
Rozzi JC, Sanders J, Chen W (2010) The experimental and theoretical evaluation of an indirect cooling system for machining. ASME. J. Heat Transfer 133(3):031006. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4002446
Neto RRI, Fragelli RL, Fiocchi AA et al (2015) Toolholder internally cooled by a phase change fluid in turning of SAE. Appl Mech Mater 798:486–490. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.798.486
Minton T, Ghani S, Sammler F et al (2013) Temperature of internally-cooled diamond-coated tools for dry-cutting titanium. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 75:27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2013.08.006
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank The Grupo de Manufatura Sustentável – GMS (Group of Manufacture Sustainable – GMS) of the Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Usinagem – LEPU at the Federal University of Uberlandia – Brazil, NipoTec – Special Tools, Walter Tools, Villares Metals SA, Ceratiziti, Mapal Brasil, Oerlikon Balzers, Petronas, Fuchs, Stellantis Latam. The Brazilian research agencies supported this work: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) (grant number 001, 2019), the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (grant number 001,2019) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais – FAPEMIG (grant number 001,2019).
Funding
This study was funded by Tupy S.A. for providing the work material, Walter Tools from donating the tools, Nipo-Tec Ferramentas Industriais for designing and machining the channels of the ICTs inserts by REDM and Brazilian research agencies CNPq, FAPEMIG and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 for the financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Gustavo Henrique Nazareno Fernandes: conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft, visualization, project administration.
Lucas Melo Queiroz Barbosa: validation, investigation, data curation, writing—review & editing.
Pedro Henrique Pires França: validation, investigation, data curation.
Paulo S. Martins: funding acquisition, supervision, writing—review & editing, project administration
Álisson R. Machado: Writing—Review & Editing, supervision, project administration.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
This article requires informed consent of the authors, it does not have any disclosure of potential conflicts of interest and does not involve human and/or animal participants.
Consent to participate
The authors declare that they consent to participate in this paper.
Consent for publication
The authors declare they consent to publish this paper.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Notice: Some parts of this article were rewritten with the help of artificial intelligence to improve writing fluency.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Fernandes, G.H.N., Barbosa, L.M.Q., França, P.H.P. et al. Towards green manufacturing: investigating tool coatings and cooling strategies for Inconel 718 turning. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 129, 2257–2279 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-12390-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-12390-1