Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

An overall performance index to quantify dimensional accuracy and mechanical strength of parts manufactured through VAT photopolymerization in biodegradable and non-biodegradable resin

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Epoxy resins are widely used polymers in the automotive and aerospace fields. Different blends of novel biodegradable resins have been studied in the last years in order to provide sustainability while maintaining the same properties of epoxy resins. Bio-based thermoset resins made with acrylated epoxidized soybean oil are well-studied in different vat polymerization techniques. The present work compares a bio-based resin and a petroleum-based resin. A benchmark with different features was designed and manufactured by a VAT photopolymerization process using both materials; measured with an optical scanning device; thus, the dimensional deviations were analyzed through inspection software. Tensile and flexural specimens were manufactured with the same procedure and tested with a dynamometer machine. Therefore, the comparison between a biodegradable resin and a petroleum-based resin is discussed in terms of the quality and mechanical performances of manufactured parts, considering the use of identical printing conditions. Some parts are required to satisfy both the requirements at the same time, such as the gears. Therefore, dimensional accuracy and mechanical strength need to be controlled and evaluated in a unique final quantification. This work proposes a novelty performance index to quantify dimensional accuracy and mechanical strength simultaneously. By combining the two aspects it is possible to define the overall performance obtained with the used material, optimizing the manufacturing process by choosing the proper material for each purpose.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Naik N, Shivamurthy B, Thimmappa BH et al (2022) Bio-based epoxies: mechanical characterization and their applicability in the development of eco-friendly composites. J Compos Sci 6:294. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6100294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Afzal A, Nawab Y (2021) Polymer composites. Composite Solutions for Ballistics: 139–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-821984-3.00003-6

  3. Gopalakrishna K, Reddy N, Zhao Y (2020) Biocomposites from biofibers and biopolymers. Biofibers and Biopolymers for Biocomposites: 91–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40301-0_4

  4. Pagac M, Hajnys J, Ma Q-P et al (2021) A review of VAT photopolymerization technology: materials, applications, challenges, and future trends of 3D printing. Polymers 13:598. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13040598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Chaudhary S, Avinashi SK, Rao J, Gautam C (2023) Recent advances in additive manufacturing, applications and challenges for dentistry: a review. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 9:3987–4019. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01561

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Madsen B, Brøndsted P, Andersen TL (2013) Biobased composites: materials, properties and potential applications as wind turbine blade materials. Advances in Wind Turbine Blade Design and Materials: 363–386. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857097286.3.363

  7. Baroncini EA, Kumar Yadav S, Palmese GR, Stanzione JF (2016) Recent advances in bio-based epoxy resins and bio-based epoxy curing agents. J Appl Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.44103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Meier MA, Metzger JO, Schubert US (2008) Cheminform abstract: plant oil renewable resources as green alternatives in polymer science. ChemInform. https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200805269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Shibata M (2011) Bio-based nanocomposites composed of photo-cured soybean-based resins and supramolecular hydroxystearic acid nanofibers. Soybean - Molecular Aspects of Breeding.https://doi.org/10.5772/14469

  10. Tang Q, Chen Y, Gao H et al (2019) Bio-based epoxy resin from epoxidized soybean oil. Soybean - Biomass, Yield and Productivity. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81544

  11. Sabbatini B, Cambriani A, Cespi M et al (2021) An overview of natural polymers as reinforcing agents for 3D printing. ChemEngineering 5:78. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering5040078

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Skliutas E, Lebedevaite M, Kasetaite S et al (2020) A bio-based resin for a multi-scale optical 3D printing. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66618-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Sarabia-Vallejos MA, Rodríguez-Umanzor FE, González-Henríquez CM, Rodríguez-Hernández J (2022) Innovation in additive manufacturing using polymers: a survey on the technological and material developments. Polymers 14:1351. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14071351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Badanova N, Perveen A, Talamona D (2022) Study of SLA printing parameters affecting the dimensional accuracy of the pattern and casting in rapid investment casting. J Manuf Mater Process 6:109. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6050109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Brighenti R, Marsavina L, Marghitas MP et al (2022) Mechanical characterization of additively manufactured photopolymerized polymers. Mech Adv Mater Struct 30:1853–1864. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2022.2045655

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Tulcan A, Vasilescu MD, Tulcan L (2021) Comparative study of the influence of bio-resin color on the dimension, flatness and straightness of the part in the 3D printing process. Polymers 13:1412. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13091412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Rubayo DD, Phasuk K, Vickery JM et al (2021) Influences of build angle on the accuracy, printing time, and material consumption of additively manufactured surgical templates. J Prosthet Dent 126:658–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.09.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Hada T, Kanazawa M, Iwaki M et al (2020) Effect of printing direction on the accuracy of 3D-printed dentures using stereolithography technology. Materials 13:3405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13153405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Poyraz O (2023) Influence of build direction and post processes on the material and part attributes of hard resins fabricated by photopolymerization based additive manufacturing. Mater Res. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2022-0362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Loflin WA, English JD, Borders C et al (2019) Effect of print layer height on the assessment of 3D-printed models. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 156:283–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2019.02.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Favero CS, English JD, Cozad BE et al (2017) Effect of print layer height and printer type on the accuracy of 3-dimensional printed orthodontic models. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 152:557–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.06.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Boca M, Sover A, Slătineanu L (2021) The printing parameters effects on the dimensional accuracy of the parts made of photosensitive resin. Macromol Symp 396:2000287. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.202000287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Chockalingam K, Jawahar N, Chandrasekhar U (2006) Influence of layer thickness on mechanical properties in stereolithography. Rapid Prototyp J 12:106–113. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552540610652456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Miedzińska D, Gieleta R, Popławski A (2020) Experimental study on influence of curing time on strength behavior of SLA-printed samples loaded with different strain rates. Materials 13:5825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245825

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Wu J, Zhao Z, Hamel CM et al (2018) Evolution of material properties during free radical photopolymerization. J Mech Phys Solids 112:25–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2017.11.018

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  26. Chantarapanich N, Puttawibul P, Sitthiseripratip K et al (2013) Study of the mechanical properties of photo-cured epoxy resin fabricated by stereolithography process. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol (SJST) 35:91–98

    Google Scholar 

  27. Zhu C, Li S, Cong X, Liu X (2020) Mechanical properties of bio-based epoxy composites reinforced with hybrid-interlayer ramie and recycled carbon fibres. Open J Compos Mater 10:118–133. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojcm.2020.104009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Liu ZS, Erhan SZ, Calvert PD (2004) Solid freeform fabrication of epoxidized soybean oil/epoxy composites with di-, tri-, and polyethylene amine curing agents. J Appl Polym Sci 93:356–363. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.20412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Chandrashekhara K, Sundararaman S, Flanigan V, Kapila S (2005) Affordable composites using renewable materials. Mater Sci Eng A 412:2–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.08.066

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Jin F-L, Park S-J (2008) Impact-strength improvement of epoxy resins reinforced with a biodegradable polymer. Mater Sci Eng A 478:402–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.05.053

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Vendittoli V, Polini W, Walter MSJ (2022) Geometrical deviations of green parts due to additive manufacturing: a synthetic geometrical performance index. Procedia CIRP 114:159–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2022.10.036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Vendittoli V, Polini W, Walter MSJ, Moroni G (2022) Geometrical deviations of green parts by vat photopolymerization: a synthetic geometrical performance index. Proceeding: International conference on design for 3d printing, online, September 22–23, 2022

  33. Rebaioli L, Fassi I (2017) A review on benchmark artifacts for evaluating the geometrical performance of additive manufacturing processes. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 93:2571–2598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-017-0570-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. ASTM D 638-14, Standard test method for tensile properties of plastic. American Society for Testing and Materials; 2022

  35. ASTM D 790, Plastics (I). Standard test methods for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical insulating materials, Annual book of ASTM standards. American Society for Testing and Materials; 2003

  36. PrusaSlicer 2.5.0 Software. https://www.prusa3d.com/page/prusaslicer_424/. Accessed 1 Feb 2023

  37. GOM ATOS Core products. https://www.gom.com/en/products/3d-scanning. Accessed 1 Feb 2023

  38. GOM Inspect software. https://www.gom.com/en/products/gom-suite/gom-inspect-pro. Accessed 1 Feb 2023

  39. ASTM D 883-20b, Standard terminology relating to plastics. Americal Society for Testing and Materials; 2022

  40. Nowacki B, Kowol P, Kozioł M et al (2021) Effect of post-process curing and washing time on mechanical properties of MSLA printouts. Materials 14:4856. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14174856

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Minitab support, ANOVA. https://support.minitab.com/en-us/minitab/20/help-and-how-to/statistical-modeling/anova/supporting-topics/basics/what-is-anova/. Accessed 27 Jul 2023

  42. Derahman A, Abidin ZZ (2021) Mechanical properties of bio-epoxy resins and synthetic epoxy resins blends. IOP Conference Series: Mater Sci Eng 1176:012005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1176/1/012005

  43. Qi M, Xu Y-J, Rao W-H et al (2018) Epoxidized soybean oil cured with tannic acid for fully bio-based epoxy resin. RSC Adv 8:26948–26958. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03874k

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Titow WV (1990) Plasticisers. PVC Plastics: 177–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3834-5_5

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via G. di Biasio 43, 03043, Cassino, Italy

    Valentina Vendittoli & Wilma Polini

  2. Faculty of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Ansbach, Residenzstr. 8, 91522, Ansbach, Germany

    Michael S. J. Walter

Authors
  1. Valentina Vendittoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wilma Polini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael S. J. Walter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Valentina Vendittoli. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Valentina Vendittoli, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Valentina Vendittoli.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Vendittoli, V., Polini, W. & Walter, M.S.J. An overall performance index to quantify dimensional accuracy and mechanical strength of parts manufactured through VAT photopolymerization in biodegradable and non-biodegradable resin. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 128, 5491–5502 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-12285-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-12285-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation