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Investigation of interfacial microstructure and mechanical characteristics of Ti/SS316 clads fabricated by explosive welding process

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Abstract

The study aimed to investigate the impact of varying stand-off distance (SOD) on the weld interface of pure titanium (Ti)/stainless steel (SS316) clads. Microstructural examination revealed a wavy interface morphology of welded clads. The morphological changes of the bonding interface under different SOD conditions showed that both the wavelength and amplitude increased with an increase in the SOD, with the wavelength demonstrating a more pronounced effect. In addition, a scratch test was also employed to characterize the weld interface. It is an important tool for evaluating the mechanical properties of a material. During scratch tests, an oval-shaped scratch morphology was observed on the Ti side, with the appearance of first divergent and then convergent behavior at the weld interface. In the tensile shear test, the Ti/SS316 clads exhibited higher tensile shear strength in the longitudinal direction compared to the transverse direction. The observed tensile shear strength values were in the range of 352.7–404.6 MPa for the longitudinal direction and 295.7–359.3 MPa for the transverse direction. The study found that the tensile shear strength increased in both the longitudinal and transverse directions as the SOD was increased from 5 to 10 mm. However, at an SOD of 15 mm, a decrease in tensile shear strength was observed in both directions. This decrease was attributed to the presence of non-uniform defects, such as cracks, voids, and high plastic deformation, at the interface zone. The fracture study revealed a combination of ductile and brittle fracture, with ductile fracture dominant at lower SOD and brittle fracture at higher SOD. The study found that the SOD had a substantial effect on the output of the weld results, and a SOD of 10 mm was determined to be the optimal welding parameter for Ti/SS316 clads based on microstructure and mechanical properties.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to sincerely thank Mr. Minghong Yu and Mr. Atsushi Onohara, master’s degree students at the Graduate School of Science and Technology at Kumamoto University, for their help and generous assistance during the experimental process. We would also like to thank Mr. Zhihong Dai and Mr. Kang Jiang, master’s degree students at the Graduate School of Science and Technology at Kumamoto University, for their generous support in the scratch test.

Funding

This study was funded by the Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University (no grant numbers).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials (IINa), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan

    Bir Bahadur Sherpa, Shigeru Tanaka & Kazuyuki Hokamoto

  2. Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan

    Masatoshi Kuroda

  3. Kumamoto Industrial Research Institute, Kumamoto, 862-0901, Japan

    Tomohiro Ikeda & Koji Kawamura

  4. Faculty of Engineering, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan

    Daisuke Inao

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  1. Bir Bahadur Sherpa
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Contributions

Bir Bahadur Sherpa: investigation, methodology, validation, writing-original draft preparation, and writing-review and editing. Masatoshi Kuroda: conceptualization. Tomohiro Ikeda: resources. Koji Kawamura: resources. Daisuke Inao: investigation and resources. Shigeru Tanaka: supervision and resources. Kazuyuki Hokamoto: conceptualization, resources, supervision, and writing-review and editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Kazuyuki Hokamoto.

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Sherpa, B.B., Kuroda, M., Ikeda, T. et al. Investigation of interfacial microstructure and mechanical characteristics of Ti/SS316 clads fabricated by explosive welding process. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 128, 1403–1418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-12010-y

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