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Generation mechanism of lack of fusion in X70 steel welded joint by fully automatic welding under steep slope conditions based on numerical simulation of flow field

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Abstract

X70 pipeline steel is butt welded by fully automatic welding at 25° slope, and the characteristic information of welding process is collected. A 3D transient heat and mass transfer model of weld pool is established. This model was verified by means of the shape of the weld pool and the two-dimensional shape of the weld, and then, the flow field of the fully automatic welding process under steep slope conditions was simulated to clarify the mechanism of the lack of fusion defect. The results show that the welding arc is deflected when it stays on both side walls of the groove. The slope makes the liquid metal tend to gather at the lower groove. When gravity plays a leading role in the flow of the molten pool, some liquid metal begins to flow out from the lower groove to the front end, resulting in an overflow phenomenon. The generation of overflow phenomenon and arc deflection cause the formation of a “void zone” at the structure mutation position in front of the groove. In the welding process, the liquid metal tends to flow to the side walls for heat transfer under various thermal effects, and forms a large range of eddy current at the side walls. This has a positive effect on sidewall melting. In addition, the effect of surface tension at the lower groove is more obvious than that at the upper groove, and the trend of upward flow along the side wall is stronger, so it is difficult for the high-temperature liquid metal in the arc center to flow to the “void area” located at the bottom of the side wall of the lower groove. Therefore, the bottom of the lower groove is more likely to cause lack of fusion defect.

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Funding

This work is supported by the Key Scientific Research Projects of PipeChina Group, grant no. CLZB20211; the National Key R&D Program of China, grant no. 2021YFA1000103; and the Key Research and Development Plan of Shandong Province, grant no. 2020CXGC010207 and 2022CXGC010202.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China

    Liying Li, Jinqiu Fu, Yungang Yao, Tao Han & Bin Han

  2. Southwest Pipeline Company Limited of PipeChina Group, Chengdu, China

    Xuejun Wang & Kai Liu

Authors
  1. Liying Li
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  2. Jinqiu Fu
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  3. Yungang Yao
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  4. Xuejun Wang
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  5. Kai Liu
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  6. Tao Han
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  7. Bin Han
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Contributions

Liying Li: conceptualization, methodology, writing — review and editing. Jinqiu Fu: writing — original draft, data curation, numerical simulation. Yungang Yao: numerical simulation, writing — original draft, formal analysis. Xuejun Wang: welding process data acquisition, funding acquisition. Kai Liu: welding process data acquisition. Tao Han: conceptualization, methodology, supervision. Bin Han: conceptualization, supervision, funding acquisition.

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Correspondence to Liying Li.

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Li, L., Fu, J., Yao, Y. et al. Generation mechanism of lack of fusion in X70 steel welded joint by fully automatic welding under steep slope conditions based on numerical simulation of flow field. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 126, 4055–4072 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11386-1

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