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Elimination of porosity in additively manufactured 316L stainless steel by high-pressure torsion

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Abstract

In metal additive manufacturing (AM), porosity is a major defect that could compromise their mechanical and functional performance. Very recently, high-pressure torsion (HPT) has emerged as an effective approach to significantly reduce porosity content in AM-fabricated metallic components, accompanied with considerably improved mechanical and functional properties. However, the mechanism behind the porosity elimination in additively manufactured metallic parts processed by HPT has not been fully understood yet. In this study, the porosity evolution in additively manufactured 316L SS before and after HPT processing is extensively investigated using microscopy techniques, including optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is revealed that significant reduction in porosity level and average pore size could be obtained even with a relatively small range of equivalent strain, εeq.-HPT ≤ 5 after 1/4 HPT revolution. Upon further straining to 1 HPT revolution (εeq.-HPT = 13.6), the pores are completely closed, and the bulk material can be considered pore-free. Based on OM, SEM, and TEM analysis, it can be inferred that the porosity closure mechanism is attributed to the creation of strong atomic bond by the release of internal sub-surfaces and formation of nano-scale grain (NG) microstructures that holds the bulk material, resulting from the HPT-induced combined hydrostatic pressure and extreme torsional strain.

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Funding

This research was funded by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) Malaysia through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS /1/2021/TK0/UTM/02/84).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Engineering Materials and Structures (eMAST) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia

    Shahir Mohd Yusuf, Nur Hidayah Musa, Nurainaa Mazlan, Nur Azmah Nordin, Nurhazimah Nazmi & Saiful Amri Mazlan

  2. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, People’s Republic of China

    Ying Chen

  3. Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK

    Nong Gao

Authors
  1. Shahir Mohd Yusuf
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  2. Ying Chen
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  3. Nur Hidayah Musa
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  4. Nurainaa Mazlan
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  5. Nur Azmah Nordin
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  6. Nurhazimah Nazmi
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  7. Saiful Amri Mazlan
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  8. Nong Gao
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception, design, and execution. Material preparation was conducted by Shahir Mohd Yusuf and Nong Gao. Experiments and data collection were performed by Ying Chen, Nur Hidayah Musa, Nurainaa Mazlan, Nur Azmah Nordin, and Nurhazimah Nazmi. Analysis and discussion of results were carried out by Shahir Mohd Yusuf, Saiful Amri Mazlan, and Nong Gao. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Shahir Mohd Yusuf and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shahir Mohd Yusuf.

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Mohd Yusuf, S., Chen, Y., Musa, N.H. et al. Elimination of porosity in additively manufactured 316L stainless steel by high-pressure torsion. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 123, 1175–1187 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-10228-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-10228-w

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