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TIG spot welding applied to NiTi shape memory wires optimized by factorial design

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Abstract

The welding of NiTi shape memory alloys (SMA) can lead to the development of products with complex geometry that would be unfeasible with conventional manufacturing processes such as machining. In this sense, this work aims to study the spot welding of NiTi SMA wires with the tungsten inert gas (TIG) process, which is an alternative to the laser welding often studied for joining SMA. The main objective is to determine TIG spot welding parameters to promote full penetration with a single pulse in NiTi SMA wires with 0.9 mm in diameter. The central rotational compound design method (CRCD) was used as an optimization tool. The weld penetration was evaluated by optical microscopy (OM) and related to input pulse time and power. After evaluation of the interaction effects of time and power factors to obtain results with 95% or more in significance, an equation of the penetration behavior was obtained. The 2D plot of the equation pointed to three optimal parameters, which were evaluated with additional welding tests. All three optimal parameters achieved full penetration, showing that the CRCD method was a great tool to reduce the number of experiments needed in the study of welding parameters. To demonstrate the potential of the TIG spot welding in the fabrication of complex structures of NiTi SMA, a two-dimensional auxetic cell was obtained, showing great structural stability when subjected to tensile tests.

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Funding

This work was financially supported by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) through the following projects: INCT of Smart Structures in Engineering (grant number 574001/2008–5), CNPq Doctoral Scholarship—Petrobras (grant number 503082/2011–2), and PQ-1C (grant number 302740/2018–0). The support of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraiba (IFPB) is also appreciated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba, 671, R. Tranquilino Coelho Lemos - Dinamérica, Campina Grande, Paraíba, 58432-300, Brazil

    Luiz Fernando Alves Rodrigues

  2. Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 882, R. Aprígio Veloso - Universitário, Campina Grande, Paraíba, 58429-140, Brazil

    Fernando Andrade Amorim, Estephanie Nobre Dantas Grassi, Pedro Luiz Lima dos Santos & Carlos José de Araújo

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  1. Luiz Fernando Alves Rodrigues
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  2. Fernando Andrade Amorim
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  3. Estephanie Nobre Dantas Grassi
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  4. Pedro Luiz Lima dos Santos
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  5. Carlos José de Araújo
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Contributions

Luiz Fernando Alves Rodrigues and Carlos José de Araújo contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Luiz Fernando Alves Rodrigues, Fernando Andrade Amorim, and Pedro Luiz Lima dos Santos. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Luiz Fernando Alves Rodrigues. The manuscript was reviewed and edited by Estephanie Nobre Dantas Grassi. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Luiz Fernando Alves Rodrigues.

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Rodrigues, L.F.A., Amorim, F.A., Grassi, E.N.D. et al. TIG spot welding applied to NiTi shape memory wires optimized by factorial design. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 121, 7749–7762 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-09848-z

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