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Rotary friction welded C45 to 16NiCr6 steel rods: statistical optimization coupled to mechanical and microstructure approaches

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Abstract

In the present work, the dissimilar joints between C45 carbon steel and nickel-chromium 16NiCr6 steel rods were produced using rotary friction welding process. Statistical analysis based on response surface methodology (RSM), microstructural examination using scanning electron microscopy with backscattered electron diffraction (EBSD) and mechanical tests were performed to investigate the friction weld joints. The results showed that friction time and rotation speed were the most effective parameters on the weld joint quality with the highest t-ration of − 4.27, where the maximum bending strength of 1406.9 MPa was obtained at 2000 rpm for 13 s friction time. Increasing friction time to 13 s resulted in remarkable decrease in grain size (about 35%) at the weld interface, which increased the hardness (350HV0.1) and elastic modulus (260 GPa).

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Data availability

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article. The raw data that support the findings of this study are available upon a reasonable request.

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Not applicable (jmp 13 design of experiments “free version”).

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express their thanks to Dr. El walid Bouarroudj for his valuable advice and Dr. Ivan Petryshynets for EBSD analysis.

Funding

Not applicable.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Science and Engineering Materials Laboratory (LSGM), USTHB, BP 32 El Alia 16111, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria

    Youcef Belkahla, Azzeddine Mazouzi & Djamel Miroud

  2. Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, (Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux), 2 avenue P. Angot, Technopôle Hélioparc, 64000, Pau, France

    Seif El Islam Lebouachera

  3. Advanced mechanics laboratory (LMA) USTHB, BP 32 El Alia 16111, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria

    Ammar Jabbar Hassan

  4. Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04353, Kosice, Slovak Republic

    Martin Fides & Pavol Hvizdoš

  5. Research Center in Industrial Technologies, P.O. Box 64, Chéraga, 16014, Algiers, Algeria

    Billel Cheniti

Authors
  1. Youcef Belkahla
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  2. Azzeddine Mazouzi
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  3. Seif El Islam Lebouachera
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  4. Ammar Jabbar Hassan
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  5. Martin Fides
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  6. Pavol Hvizdoš
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  8. Djamel Miroud
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Contributions

Youcef Belkahla: conceptualization, experimental work, data curation and writing (original draft preparation). Azzeddine Mazouzi: investigation, experimental work, reviewing and editing. Seif El Islam Lebouachera: software and analysis of all the obtained raw data of response surface methodology. Ammar Jabbar Hassan: methodology, reviewing and editing (final draft), review and editing. Martin Fides: supervision and project administration, validation. Pavol Hvizdoš: methodology, validation and involved in the discussion. Billel Cheniti: methodology and reviewing. Djamel Miroud: project administration.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Seif El Islam Lebouachera.

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Belkahla, Y., Mazouzi, A., Lebouachera, S.E.I. et al. Rotary friction welded C45 to 16NiCr6 steel rods: statistical optimization coupled to mechanical and microstructure approaches. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 116, 2285–2298 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07597-z

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