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Assessment of microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded AA2014-O and AA2014-T6 sheets

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Abstract

In this study, friction stir welding of AA2014-O and AA2014-T6 aluminum alloy was performed at various welding speeds to evaluate the influence of temper conditions of base metal (BM) on the properties of the welded joints. The results showed strong influence of BM temper conditions on the microstructural morphologies and mechanical behavior of the welded joints. In the 2014-O joints, different zones of weld joint were diffused into each other and there was no clear interface between them. In 2014-T6 joints, there was a distinct demarcation between the nugget zone (NZ), thermomechanically affected zone TMAZ, heat-affected zone (HAZ), and BM. The welded joints in 2014-O temper condition showed increase in hardness in the vicinity of weld center due to grain refinement whereas, in 2014-T6, softening occurred in the same region by the dissolution of strengthening precipitates. The mechanical properties of 2014-O joints were equivalent to the base metal showing a 100% weld efficiency with fracture located in the base metal, whereas 2014-T6 welds exhibited about 70% weld efficiency with fracture located at the NZ/TMAZ interface. All the samples in mechanical testing fractured at retreating side (RS) which exhibited heterogeneity in the mechanical properties of the welded joints. Scanning electron microscopy fractographic analysis revealed a ductile fracture mode comprising of dimples in both temper conditions. The size and shape of the dimples were strongly dependent on base metal temper condition.

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Data availability

The data presented and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the technical support provided by Mr. Talha Ahmed, Mr. Muhammad Shahbaz, and Mr. Aamir Siddique in FSW. They are also grateful to Mr. Munir Ahmed for assistance in optical and hardness sample preparation, Mr. Muhammad Israr for tensile testing, and Mr. Muhammad Tahir Khan for SEM analysis.

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This research work is partially funded by the Institute of Space technology Islamabad, Pakistan.

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  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Wali Muhammad, Wilayat Husain, Anjum Tauqir, Abdul Wadood, Hamid Zaigham & Muhammad Atiq Ur rehman

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Contributions

The authors’ contributions are as follows: Wali Muhammad conceptualized, planned, and carried out the experiments. Muhammad Atiq ur Rahman contributed to the analysis and interpretation of results. Abdul Wadood and Hamid Zaigham validated, prepared, and edited the original draft. Wilayat Husain and Anjum Tauqir supervised and critically reviewed the research and manuscript. All the authors provided valuable feedback and helped to shape the project, analysis, and the manuscript.

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Muhammad, W., Husain, W., Tauqir, A. et al. Assessment of microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded AA2014-O and AA2014-T6 sheets. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 115, 2255–2267 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07249-2

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