Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Printability and microstructural evolution of Ti-5553 alloy fabricated by modulated laser powder bed fusion

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this research, the printability of Ti-5553 alloy is assessed using a modulated laser powder bed fusion method. Cylindrical samples were printed with a wide range of volumetric energy density (VED). Density evaluation was practiced by the Archimedes method and X-ray computed tomography (XCT). Surface roughness analysis and hardness mapping were further used to characterize the as-built samples. In addition, the microstructure was studied using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. It was observed that low and high VED values resulted in an increase in the level of porosity. The highest relative density of 99.92% and surface roughness of < 12 μm were achieved while using the VED of 112 J/mm3, resulting in a uniform hardness distribution equal to 295 ± 10 HV. In addition, the characterization by electron microscopy revealed evidence for the presence of ω phase in the sample with the highest density. It was also observed that the use of rather high VEDs gave rise to the in situ precipitation hardening due to nucleation of α-Ti needles in the β-Ti phase matrix. However, due to the inhomogeneous size distribution and volume fraction of the α-Ti needles along the building direction, a non-uniform hardness was obtained when high VEDs were applied.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Leyens C, Peters M (2003) Titanium and titanium alloys: fundamentals and applications. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co, KGaA, Weinheim

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. Froes FH, Bomberger HB (1985) The beta titanium alloys. Journal of Metals 37:28

    Google Scholar 

  3. Boyer RR, Bridge RD (2005) The use of β titanium alloys in the aerospace industry. J Mater Eng Perform 14:681–685

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Gerday A-F (2009) Mechanical behavior of Ti-5553 alloy - modeling of representative cells, PhD Thesis, University of Liege

  5. Veeck S, Lee D, Boyer R, Briggs R (2004) The castability of Ti-5553 alloy. Adv Mater Process 162:47–49

    Google Scholar 

  6. Sabol JC, Pasang T, Misiolek WZ, Williams JC (2012) Localized tensile strain distribution and metallurgy of electron beam welded Ti–5Al–5V–5Mo–3Cr titanium alloys. J Mater Process Technol 212:2380–2385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Baili M, Wagner V, Dessein G, Sallaberry J, Lallement D (2011) An experimental investigation of hot machining with induction to improve Ti-5553 machinability. Appl Mech Mater 62:67–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Fayazfar H, Salarian M, Rogalsky A, Sarker D, Russo P, Paserin V, Toyserkani E (2018) A critical review of powder-based additive manufacturing of ferrous alloys: process parameters, microstructure and mechanical properties. Mater Des 144:98–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Thijs L, Verhaeghe F, Craeghs T, Humbeeck JV, Kruth J-P (2010) A study of the microstructural evolution during selective laser melting of Ti–6Al–4V. Acta Mater 58:3303–3312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Vandenbroucke B, Kruth JP (2007) Selective laser melting of biocompatible metals for rapid manufacturing of medical parts. Rapid Prototyp J 13:196–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Vrancken B, Thijs L, Kruth J-P, Van Humbeeck J (2012) Heat treatment of Ti6Al4V produced by selective laser melting: microstructure and mechanical properties. J Alloys Compd 541:177–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Vaithilingam J, Goodridge RD, Hague RJM, Christie SDR, Edmondson S (2016) The effect of laser remelting on the surface chemistry of Ti6al4V components fabricated by selective laser melting. J Mater Process Technol 232:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Gu D, Hagedorn Y-C, Meiners W, Meng G, Batista RJS, Wissenbach K, Poprawe R (2012) Densification behavior, microstructure evolution, and wear performance of selective laser melting processed commercially pure titanium. Acta Mater 60:3849–3860

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Gu DD, Meng GB, Li C, Meiners W, Poprawe R (2012) Selective laser melting of TiC/Ti bulk nanocomposites: influence of nanoscale reinforcement. Scr Mater 67:185–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Zopp C, Blumer B, Schubert F, Kroll L (2017) Processing of a metastable titanium alloy (Ti-5553) by selective laser melting, Ain shams. Eng J 8:426–479

    Google Scholar 

  16. Schwab H, Palm F, Kunn U, Eckert J (2016) Microstructure and mechanical properties of the near-beta titanium alloy Ti-5553 processed by selective laser melting. Mater Des 105:75–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Schwab H, Bönisch M, Giebeler L, Gustmann T, Eckert J, Kuhn U (2017) Processing of Ti-5553 with improved mechanical properties via an in-situ heat treatment combining selective laser melting and substrate plate heating. Mater Des 130:83–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. A. B 822-17 (2017) Standard test method for particle size distribution of metal powders and related compounds by light scattering, ASTM

  19. Lutjering G, Williams JC (2007) Titanium, 2nd edn. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  20. Sames WJ, List FA, Pannala S, Dehoff RR, Babu SS (2016) The metallurgy and processing science of metal additive manufacturing. Int Mater Rev 61:1–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Leung CLA, Marussi S, Atwood RC, Towrie M, Withers PJ, Lee PD (2018) In situ X-ray imaging of defect and molten pool dynamics in laser additive manufacturing. Nat Commun 9:1355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ng G, Jarfors A, Bi G, Zheng H (2009) Porosity formation and gas bubble retention in laser metal deposition. Appl Phys A 97:641–649

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Thijs L, Kempen K, Kruth JP, Van Humbeeck J (2013) Fine-structured aluminium products with controllable texture by selective laser melting of pre-alloyed AlSi10Mg powder. Acta Mater 61:1809–1819

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Vilaro T, Colin C, Bartout J-D (2011) As-fabricated and heat-treated microstructures of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy processed by selective laser melting. Metall Mater Trans A 42:3190–3199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Chlebus E, Kuznicka B, Kurzynowski T, Dybala B (2011) Microstructure and mechanical behaviour of Ti6Al7Nb alloy produced by selective laser melting. Mater Charact 62:488–495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Amato K, Gaytan S, Murr L, Martinez E, Shindo P, Hernandez J, Collins S, Medina F (2012) Microstructures and mechanical behavior of Inconel 718 fabricated by selective laser melting. Acta Mater 60:2229–2239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Zheng Y, Williams RE, Sosa JM, Wang Y, Banerjee R, Fraser HL (2016) The role of the omega phase on the non-classical precipitation of the alpha phase in metastable titanium alloys. Scr Mater 111:81–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Tirry W, Schryvers D (2005) Quantitative determination of strain fields around Ni4Ti3 precipitates in NiTi. Acta Mater 53:1041–1049

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Shi X, Zeng W, Xue S, Jia Z (2015) The crack initiation behavior and the fatigue limit of Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–1Cr–1Fe titanium alloy with basket-weave microstructure. J Alloys Compd 631:340–349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Simonelli M, Tse YY, Tuck C (2012) Microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V produced by selective laser melting. J Phys Conf Ser 371:012084

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Zhu Y, Tian X, Li J, Wang H (2014) Microstructure evolution and layer bands of laser melting deposition Ti–6.5 Al–3.5 Mo–1.5 Zr–0.3 Si titanium alloy. J Alloys Compd 616:468–474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Kasperovich G, Hausmann J (2015) Improvement of fatigue resistance and ductility of TiAl6V4 processed by selective laser melting. J Mater Process Technol 220:202–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Dehghan-Manshadi A, Dippenaar RJ (2011) Development of α-phase morphologies during low temperature isothermal heat treatment of a Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 528:1833–1839

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Lütjering G (1998) Influence of processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of (α+β) titanium alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 243:32–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Fan XG, Yang H (2011) Internal-state-variable based self-consistent constitutive modeling for hot working of two-phase titanium alloys coupling microstructure evolution. Int J Plast 27:1833–1852

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  36. Qiu C, Ravi GA, Attallah MM (2015) Microstructural control during direct laser deposition of a β-titanium alloy. Mater Des 81:21–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Morasch K, Bahr D (2001) The effects of hydrogen on deformation and cross slip in a bcc titanium alloy. Scr Mater 45:839–845

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank SAFRAN and Dr. Mehrnaz Salarian for their technical feedback.

Funding

The authors would like to appreciate the financial support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing (MSAM) Lab, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

    S. Bakhshivash, H. Asgari, P. Russo, C. F. Dibia, M. Ansari, A. P. Gerlich & E. Toyserkani

Authors
  1. S. Bakhshivash
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H. Asgari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. P. Russo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. C. F. Dibia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. Ansari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. A. P. Gerlich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. E. Toyserkani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H. Asgari.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bakhshivash, S., Asgari, H., Russo, P. et al. Printability and microstructural evolution of Ti-5553 alloy fabricated by modulated laser powder bed fusion. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 103, 4399–4409 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03847-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03847-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation