Abstract
The performance requirements of steel sheets are becoming increasingly stringent. Inclusions present as non-metallic phases affect the mechanical properties and workability in the down-stream processes of the sheet production adversely. By knowing how the inclusions affect the properties, suitable process parameters can be identified to avoid the defects formation during the forming operations. A very small size of the inclusions necessitates their behavioural study at the micro-scale. This requires a micro–macro modelling approach to identify the effects of the inclusions on forming operations such as hot rolling. In this work, a comprehensive micro–macro model is presented to quantify the effects of the inclusions and their characteristics on the properties of steel during solidification and forming. A micro-model developed using 2-D Finite Element Method is used to study void formation and its evolution at the inclusion/matrix interface (interfacial damage) and stress evolution in and around the inclusions. The model is then employed to study the effects of inclusion properties (hard/soft), its size and shape on the properties of the steel matrix. The constitutive equation for the macro-scale simulation of hot rolling is updated based on the findings of the micro-model. The modified constitutive equation at the macro-scale will allow the choice of a suitable process-parameters regime that will avoid failure during hot rolling and also lead to improved final properties in steel containing inclusions.
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Gupta, A., Goyal, S., Padmanabhan, K.A. et al. Inclusions in steel: micro–macro modelling approach to analyse the effects of inclusions on the properties of steel. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 77, 565–572 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-6464-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-6464-5