Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sensitization resistance of friction stir welded AISI 409 M grade ferritic stainless steel joints

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Friction stir welded low chromium AISI 409 M ferritic stainless steel was investigated for susceptibility to intergranular corrosion by oxalic and double-loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation tests, and the degree of sensitization were evaluated by the ratio of the reactivating and activating currents. Stir zone of friction stir welded joint exhibited smaller degree of sensitization compared to the base metal and it is mainly due to fine grains and lower heat input nature of friction stir welding process. Heat-affected zone showed larger current ratio and higher degree of sensitization compared to stir zone and base metal region and not to the extent that has been reported in the literature for arc welding.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Lee WB, Kim JK, Park JS, Woo IS, Lee JB (2008) Effect of interstitial elements on the toughness of ferritic stainless steel weld. Mater Sci Forum 580–582:45–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Lakshminarayanan AK, Balasubramanian V (2010) An assessment of microstructure, hardness, tensile and impact strength of friction stir welded ferritic stainless steel joints. Mater Des 31:4592–4600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Du Toit M, Van Rooyen GT, Smith D (2006) An overview of the heat-affected zone sensitization and stress corrosion cracking behaviour of 12% chromium type 1.4003 ferritic stainless steel. IIW Doc IX-2213-06

  4. Kim JK, Lee BJ, Lee BH, Kim YH, Kim KY (2009) Intergranular segregation of Cr in Ti-stabilized low-Cr ferritic stainless steel. Script Mater 61:1133–1136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Kim JK, Kim YH, Lee JS, Kim KY (2010) Effect of chromium content on intergranular corrosion and precipitation of Ti-stabilized ferritic stainless steels. Corr Sci 52:1847–1852

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Park SHC, Sato YS, Kokawa H, Okamoto K, Hirano S, Inagaki M (2005) Microstructures and properties of friction stir welded 304 austenitic stainless steel. Weld Int 19(11):877–881

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Tomlinson WJ, Matthews SJ (1988) Intergranular corrosion of welds in type 405 stainless steel. J Mater Sci 23:2064–2068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Greeff ML, Du Toit M (2006) Looking at the sensitization of 11–12% Chromium EN 1.4003 stainless steels during welding. Weld J: 243-s–251-s

  9. Van Warmelo M, Nolan D, Norrish J (2007) Mitigation of sensitisation effects in unstabilised 12%Cr ferritic stainless steel welds. Mater Sci Eng A 464:157–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Du Toit M, Naudé J (2009) The influence of stabilization with titanium on the heat affected zone sensitization of 11 To 12% chromium ferritic stainless steels under low heat input welding conditions, IIW Doc. IX-H-705-09

  11. ASTM A 763–93 (2009) Standard practices for detecting susceptibility to intergranular attack in ferritic stainless steels, In: ASTM (ed) Annual book of ASTM standards. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA. p. 421–431

  12. Frangini S, Mignone A (1992) Modified electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation method for detecting sensitization in 12 wt.% Cr ferritic stainless steels. Corrosion 48(9):716–726

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Poulson B (1978) The sensitization of ferritic steels containing less than 12% Cr. Corros Sci 18:371–395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Cihal V (1980) A potentiokinetic reactivation method for predicting the I.C.C. and I.G.S.C.C. sensitivity of stainless steels and alloys. Corros Sci 20(6):737–744

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Lo KH, Shek CH, Lai JKL (2009) Recent developments in stainless steels. Mater Sci Eng R 65:39–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Dischino A, Kenny JM (2002) Effect of grain size on the corrosion resistance of a high nitrogen-low nickel austenitic stainless steel. J Mater Sci Lett 21:1969–1971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Rodriguez NA, Almanza E, Jesus Perez M, Rodrigo Muniz C, Packer S, Steel R (2010) Analysis of sensitization phenomenon in friction stir welded 304 stainless steel. Front Mater Sci China 4(4):415–419, 4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Beltran R, Maldonado JG, Murr LE (1997) Effects of strain and grain size on carbide precipitation and corrosion sensitization behavior in 304 stainless steel. Acta Mater 45(10):4351–4360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Almanza E, Murr LE (2000) A comparison of sensitization kinetics in 304 and 316 stainless steels. J Mater Sci 35:3181

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India

    A. K. Lakshminarayanan & V. Balasubramanian

Authors
  1. A. K. Lakshminarayanan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. Balasubramanian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. K. Lakshminarayanan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lakshminarayanan, A.K., Balasubramanian, V. Sensitization resistance of friction stir welded AISI 409 M grade ferritic stainless steel joints. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 59, 961–967 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-011-3552-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-011-3552-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation