Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of mechanical and fractographic properties on hole expandability of various automobile steels during hole expansion test

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Hole expandability is a vital formability parameter for automobile body parts that are subjected to deep drawing conditions. In this paper, the influence of mechanical and fractographic properties on hole expansion ratio has been studied and reported. The hole expansion test has been carried out for seven different automotive steel sheets of varying thicknesses. Hole expansion ratio expressed in terms of hole expansion percentage is strongly influenced by the microstructure of the sheet metal. Hole expansion test experiments were performed on flat circular plates with a hole in the center to investigate the fracture behaviors of various automobile steels such as microalloyed, C–Mn, high-strength I.F. (SPRC-35) of three grades, extra galvannealed I.F., and HSLA (E-36) steel sheets. In the hole expansion test, deformation by lip is caused when the punch expands the hole. Fracture by petalling occurs when the holes in the sheets are completely pierced by the punch. Large circumferential strains are accommodated in the deforming sheet material. The mechanical properties, namely, strain hardening exponent (n), normal anisotropy (\( \overline{r} \)), formability parameter (n \( \overline{r} \)), and other properties, namely, Mohr's circle shear strains (γ 31 and γ 12), strain triaxiality factor (T), and stress triaxiality factor (T o), affected the hole expansion ratio of different steels tested. Similarly, the fractographic factors, such as void size in micrometers, void area fraction, and d-factor, affect the hole expansion ratio. Among the steel sheets tested, extra galvannealed I.F. steel possesses the highest hole expansion ratio.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Narayanasamy R, Parthasarathi NL, Ravindran R, Sathiya Narayanan C (2008) Analysis of fracture limit curves and void coalescence in high strength interstitial free steel sheets formed under different stress conditions. J Mater Sci 43:3351–3363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Narayanasamy R, Parthasarathi NL, Sathiya Narayanan C (2009) Effect of microstructure on void nucleation and coalescence during forming of three different HSLA steel sheets under different stress conditions. Mater Des 30:1310–1324

    Google Scholar 

  3. Schey JA (1992) Formability determination for production control. J Mater Process Technol 32:207–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Schey JA (1996) Speed effects in drawbead simulation. J Mater Process Technol 57:146–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Leu D-K (1996) Finite-element simulation of hole-flanging process of circular sheets of anisotropic materials. Int J Mech Sci 38:917–933

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  6. Huang Y-M, Chien K-H (2001) The formability limitation of the hole-flanging process. J Mater Process Technol 117:43–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Huang Y-M, Chien K-H (2001) Influence of the punch profile on the limitation of formability in hole-flanging process. J Mater Process Technol 113:720–724

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Hyun DI, Oak SM, Kang SS, Moon YH (2002) Estimation of hole flangeability for high strength steel plates. J Mater Process Technol 130–131:9–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Ravi Kumar D (2002) Formability analysis of extra deep drawing steel. J Mater Process Technol 130–131:31–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Fang X, Fan Z, Ralph B, Evans P, Underhill R (2003) Effects of tempering temperature on tensile and hole expansion properties of a C–Mn steel. J Mater Process Technol 132:215–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Lin H-S, Lee Chien-Yu, Chia-Hung Wu (2007) Hole flanging with cold extrusion on sheet metals by FE simulation. Int J Machine Tools Manufac 47:168–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Thipprakmas S, Jin M, Murakawa M (2007) Study on flanged shapes in fineblanked-hole flanging process (FB-hole flanging process) using finite element method (FEM). J Mater Process Technol 192–193:128–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Yuung-ming H (2007) Hole flanging with ironing process of two-ply thick sheet metal. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 17:221–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Chen T-C (2007) An analysis of forming limit in the elliptic hole-flanging process of sheet metal. J Mater Process Technol 192–193:373–380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Li C-L, Huang Y-M, Tsai Yi-Wei (2008) The analysis of forming limit in re-penetration process of the hole-flanging of sheet metal. J Mater Process Technol J Mater Process Technol 201:256–260

    Google Scholar 

  16. Huang Y-M, Tsai Y-W, Li C-L (2008) Analysis of forming limits in metal forming processes. J Mater Process Technol 201:385–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Mahendra Babu NC, Jagadish T, Ramachandra K, Sridhara SN (2008) A simplified 3-D finite element simulation of cold expansion of a circular hole to capture through thickness variation of residual stresses. Eng Failure Anal 15:339–348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Uthaisangsuk V, Prahl U, Bleck W (2008) Stretch-flangeability characterisation of multiphase steel using a microstructure based failure modelling. Comput Mater Sci 45:617–623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Narayanasamy R, Ponalagusamy R, Raghuraman S (2008) The effect of strain rate sensitivity on theoretical prediction of limiting draw ratio for cylindrical cup drawing process. Mater Des 29:884–890

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620015, Tamil Nadu, India

    R. Narayanasamy & C. Sathiya Narayanan

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.V.S College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, 624005, Tamil Nadu, India

    Palani Padmanabhan

  3. The Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited, Jamshedpur, 831001, Jharkhand, India

    T. Venugopalan

Authors
  1. R. Narayanasamy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. Sathiya Narayanan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Palani Padmanabhan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. T. Venugopalan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. Narayanasamy.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Narayanasamy, R., Narayanan, C.S., Padmanabhan, P. et al. Effect of mechanical and fractographic properties on hole expandability of various automobile steels during hole expansion test. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 47, 365–380 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-009-2201-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-009-2201-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation