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The posterior cruciate ligament index as a reliable indirect sign of anterior cruciate ligament rupture is associated with the course of knee joint injury

Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy (2023)Cite this article

Abstract

Purpose

The objective of this study was to clarify the clinical value of the posterior cruciate ligament index (PCLI) in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture, to explore the relationship between the PCLI and course of disease, and to identify the influencing factors of the PCLI.

Methods

The PCLI was defined a quotient of the X (the tibial and femoral PCL attachments) and the Y (the maximum perpendicular distance from X to the PCL). A total of 858 patients were enrolled in this case–control study, including 433 patients with ACL ruptures who were assigned to the experimental group and 425 patients with meniscal tears (MTs) who were allocated to the control group. Some patients in the experimental group have collateral ligament rupture (CLR). Information, such as the patient’s age, sex, and course of disease, was recorded. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) preoperatively, and the diagnosis was confirmed with the aid of arthroscopy. The PCLI and the depth of the lateral femoral notch sign (LFNS) were calculated based on the MRI findings, and the characteristics of the PCLI were explored.

Results

The PCLI in the experimental group (5.1 ± 1.6) was significantly smaller than that in the control group (5.8 ± 1.6) (P < 0.05). The PCLI gradually decreased with time and was only 4.8 ± 1.4 in patients in the chronic phase (P < 0.05). This change was not due to the decrease in X but rather the increase in Y. The results also showed that the PCLI was not related to the depth of the LFNS or injuries of other structures in the knee joint. Furthermore, when the optimal cut-off point of the PCLI was 5.2 (area under the curve = 71%), the specificity and the sensitivity were 84% and 67%, respectively, but the Youden index was just 0.3 (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The PCLI decreases due to the increase in Y instead of the decrease in X with time, especially in the chronic phase. The change in X in this process may be offset during imaging. In addition, there are fewer influencing factors that lead to changes in the PCLI. Therefore, it can be used as a reliable indirect sign of ACL rupture. However, it is difficult to quantify the diagnostic criteria of the PCLI in clinical practice. Thus, the PCLI as a reliable indirect sign of ACL rupture is associated with the course of knee joint injury, and it can be used to describe the instability of the knee joint.

Levels of evidence

III.

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Availability of data and material

The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

Thanked Prof. Lin Chen for her advice and help in this study. Thanked my beloved girlfriend PhD. Danyu Chen for her contribution to this research, and will you marry me?

Funding

No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Orthopaedics, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, China

    Heng Gong, Qingshan Li, Yu Len, Ke He, Wenbo Zhao, Yu Li, Guanjun Sun, Xu Peng & Yi Yin

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  1. Heng Gong
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  2. Qingshan Li
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  3. Yu Len
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  4. Ke He
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  5. Wenbo Zhao
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  6. Yu Li
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  8. Xu Peng
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  9. Yi Yin
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Contributions

HG contributed to the article writing and data collection. QL and YL contributed to some imaging data and surgery. KH and WZ contributed to part of the statistics of the article. YL, GS and XP directed the writing of the article. YY designed the study and was responsible for the paper.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yi Yin.

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The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Ethical approval

This study was approved by the ethical committee of Suining Central Hospital (LLSLH20220063).

Informed consent

Our study only involves the image information of patients. It is not necessary to obtain consent.

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Gong, H., Li, Q., Len, Y. et al. The posterior cruciate ligament index as a reliable indirect sign of anterior cruciate ligament rupture is associated with the course of knee joint injury. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-023-07357-4

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Keywords

  • Anterior cruciate ligament rupture
  • Posterior cruciate ligament index
  • MRI
  • Knee
  • Diagnostic test