The most important finding of this study was that more than 90% of the responding members of the DKG indicated that MAT is a clinically important and valuable procedure in the treatment of patients with symptomatic meniscus deficiency in Germany, but is subject to health economic and legal challenges.
Loss of meniscal tissue increases tibiofemoral contact pressure in the affected compartment and results in increased translational and rotatory knee laxity [1, 12, 16]. Persistent tibiofemoral overload causes degeneration of the articular cartilage, joint pain, loss of function, and ultimately early onset knee OA [11]. To mitigate such socioeconomic consequences for health care systems, meniscus- and joint-preserving treatment strategies have become increasingly important [14, 15]. For partial meniscus deficiency, artificial, scaffold-based meniscal substitutes have been proposed [25]. A prospective, multicenter study found significant improvements in patient-reported outcome scores in 137 patients undergoing partial meniscal replacement (Actifit®, Orteq Sports Medicine Ltd., London, United Kingdom) at 2 and 5 years after implantation [22]. However, reported mean defect sizes for scaffold-based meniscal substitutes range from 36 to 48 mm, requiring other treatment modalities for larger defects [25]. In such cases, MAT has emerged as a viable treatment option with high patient satisfaction. A recent study investigating 38 patients after MAT showed that 60–82% of patients still reached the patient acceptable symptom state 10 years after implantation [8]. High rates of return to sport further endorse MAT as the treatment of choice for symptomatic meniscus deficiency. A systematic review indicated a rate of return-to-play of 77% after a mean time of 9 months after MAT, with 68% of patients returning to the same or a higher level [9]. Although there is considerable evidence that MAT improves symptoms and athletic performance, there has only been one clinical trial comparing MAT to an alternative non-operative treatment option [23, 24]. In this pilot randomized clinical trial, patients with symptomatic meniscus deficiency undergoing MAT displayed significantly higher scores in the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subscales pain and activities of daily living than patients treated with personalized physiotherapy at the 12-month follow-up [20].
Given these persuasive results, it is not surprising that 91.5% of participants of this study indicated that MAT is a clinically important and valuable procedure in the treatment of patients with symptomatic meniscus deficiency in Germany. Meniscal allograft transplantation is a sophisticated surgical procedure that requires a certain level of surgical experience and comprehensive knowledge to provide the best patient care possible. Therefore, one might assume that MAT is required primarily by specialized academic hospitals. However, in this survey, only 15.8% of participants reported working in a university hospital, while 84.2% of participants reported working in other institutions such as peripheral hospitals or private practices. This reflects the importance of MAT for the entire German population and not just for individual cases. However, directing patients to approved centers could address some of the main challenges in performing MAT in Germany. In approved centers, the availability of meniscal allografts could be facilitated by the establishment of an in-house tissue bank. Moreover, continuous outcome analysis would be better controlled.
In Germany there are three laws (Medicinal Products Act, Transplantation Act, and Tissue Act) that regulate procurement, preservation, and transplantation of human donor tissue. Another important fact is that meniscus allografts in Germany are legally treated as medicinal products and not as organ transplants. The eligibility of each potential tissue donor is verified by a comprehensive screening protocol before donor tissue is harvested. As a result, the risk of graft contamination and disease transmission is minimized [18]. The clinical use of fresh-frozen and cryopreserved meniscal allografts is currently not approved in Germany, as each graft must undergo a sterilization process. Therefore, it is interesting that 56.6% of survey participants reported to use fresh-frozen meniscal allografts in MAT. Given that the German jurisdiction prohibits the manufacturing authorization of non-sterilized musculoskeletal donor tissue, fresh-frozen meniscal allografts cannot be legally manufactured in Germany. Yet, there is a possibility to import non-sterilized meniscal allografts (i.e., fresh-frozen allografts) from other countries of the European Union (EU) and from non-EU countries [18]. However, a considerable time and financial effort is required, since either an approval for importation for donor tissue by the responsible administration office is required or an application for exemption must be granted for each individual case [3]. Otherwise, the surgeon performing MAT may be subject to legal liability for complications related to the graft. Moreover, it should be noted that almost 11% of the participants stated that they do not practice in Germany and are subject to different legislation.
Although there are concerns that sterilization of musculoskeletal donor tissue adversely affects its biomechanical and biological properties [10], sterilization is required to obtain a manufacturing authorization for meniscal allografts in Germany. Therefore, PAA-sterilized meniscal allografts are popular in Germany, as shown by a proportion of 35.9% of the participants performing MAT in this survey. In a recent biomechanical study, 13 pairs of PAA-sterilized and fresh-frozen meniscal allografts, respectively, were compared and no difference in stiffness (14.9 N/mm vs. 18.3 N/mm) and load to failure (50.5 N vs. 59.5 N) testing was observed [6]. The authors suggested that the observed significantly higher strain (18.9% vs. 13.8%) and lower relaxation (77.7% vs. 89.1%) and moisture content in PAA-sterilized compared to fresh-frozen meniscal allografts may positively affect postoperative graft extrusion [6]. Despite an ongoing prospective multicenter study on the use of PAA-sterilized meniscal allografts, no clinical data are currently available. Other countries, such as the United States, allow the use of non-sterilized meniscal allografts. The risk of disease transmission is mitigated by thorough donor screening and testing, and strict regulations during tissue procurement and processing [10].
In this study, more than 50% of participants stated that they would perform MAT in 5–20 patients per year, which corresponds to approximately 0.5–1 MAT per month. The main determinants for indication of MAT reported by the participants were patient age (127 votes, 83.6%), post-meniscectomy syndrome in isolated lateral (121 votes, 79.6%) and medial (109 votes, 71.7%) meniscus deficiency, and functional and athletic demands (66 votes, 43.4%), which is consistent with the previous research [17]. Given the difficulties in performing MAT in Germany, the most popular treatment alternatives according to the survey were operative lower limb realignment (129 votes, 84.9%), non-operative treatment (85 votes, 55.9%), and the use of UKA (72 votes, 47.4%), and artificial meniscal implants (70 votes, 46.1%). Non-operative treatment of post-meniscectomy syndrome is sometimes recommended as first-line therapy, yet success rates and existing evidence are sparse [5]. Favorable short-, medium-, and long-term outcomes after lower limb realignment procedures have been consistently reported, with survival rates of up to 85% at 20 years [13, 21]. However, in patients with physiologic joint orientation angles, other treatment options such as MAT are warranted, since osteotomies may cause joint line obliquity. Furthermore, young patient age and high athletic expectations should question the indication for lower limb realignment and UKA in patients.
Although surveys provide valuable results from a particular group of interest, there are some limitations that have to be acknowledged. One limitation of this study is that only approximately 20% of the members of the DKG participated in the survey. However, 57.2% of participants were board certified as specialized knee surgeons and more than 50% of participants reported to perform more than 100 meniscus surgeries annually, representing a highly experienced cohort of experts in meniscus surgery. This study represents an expert opinion on the current status and demand of MAT in Germany rather than objective evidence. However, this survey is intended to support future efforts to facilitate MAT in daily clinical practice in Germany. Future studies should focus on objective data from national health care databases to further emphasize the importance of MAT in Germany and its associated limitations.