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Lateral extraarticular tenodesis improves stability in non-anatomic ACL reconstructed knees: in vivo kinematic analysis

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Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy Aims and scope

Abstract

Purpose

To carry out an in vivo kinematic analysis to determine whether adding a lateral extraarticular tenodesis (LET) for those patients with subjective instability and objective residual laxity after a transtibial (TT) anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) reduces anteroposterior and rotational laxity and to evaluate the 2-year follow-up clinical outcomes to analyze whether biomechanical changes determine clinical improvement or not.

Methods

A total of 19 patients with residual knee instability after TT ACLR who underwent a modified Lemaire LET were prospectively evaluated for at least 2-year follow-up. Preoperative, intraoperative, and 6 and 24-month postoperative kinematic analyses were carried out using the KiRA accelerometer and KT1000 arthrometer to look for residual anterolateral rotational instability and residual anteroposterior instability. Functional outcomes were measured with the single-leg vertical jump test and the single-leg hop test. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the IKDC 2000, Lysholm, and Tegner scores.

Results

A significant reduction in anterolateral rotational instability was detected with the patient under anesthesia (from 3 ± 1.2 to 1.1 ± 1.1 m/s2; p < 0.05) as well as with the patient awake (from 2.1 ± 0.8 to 0.7 ± 1.4 m/s2; p < 0.05). A significant reduction in anteroposterior instability was only present under anesthesia (from 3.4 ± 1.9 to 2.1 ± 1.1 mm; p < 0.05), while no difference was present without anesthesia (from 2.3 ± 1.1 to 1.6 ± 1 mm; n.s.). Postoperative analysis of knee laxity did not show any significant variation from the first to the last follow-up. Both the single-leg vertical jump test and single-leg hop test improved significantly at the last follow-up (both p < 0.05). The mean values of both the IKDC and Tegner scores showed an improvement (p < 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively), whereas that was not the case with the Lysholm score (n.s.).

Conclusions

The modified Lemaire LET can improve the kinematics of a non-anatomic ACL reconstructed knee with residual subjective and objective instability. These kinematic changes were able to lead to an improvement in subjective stability as well as the function of the knee in a small cohort of recreationally active patients. At 2-year follow-up, the kinematic changes as well as the level of activity of the patients and the IKDC score show their improvement sustained.

Level of evidence

Level IV.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Mr. Eric Goode for his help in correcting the manuscript.

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None.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut Català de Traumatologia I Medicina de L’Esport (ICATME), Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Simone Perelli, Rodolfo Morales-Avalos & Juan Carlos Monllau

  2. Department of Surgery and Morphologic Science, Orthopaedic Surgery Service, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain

    Simone Perelli & Juan Carlos Monllau

  3. Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University Hospital “Dr, José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico

    Rodolfo Morales-Avalos

  4. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Nuovo Ospedale Degli Infermi, Biella, Italy

    Mario Formagnana

  5. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Talca Regional Hospital, Universidad Catolica del Maule, Talca, Chile

    Gonzalo Rojas-Castillo

  6. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain

    Gil Serrancolí

  7. Knee Unit, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University Hospital “Dr, José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), 4th Floor, Central Building of the University Hospital, Av. Francisco I. Madero and Av. Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño, s/n, Col. Mitras Centro, C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico

    Rodolfo Morales-Avalos

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  4. Gonzalo Rojas-Castillo
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by RM-A and SP. Methodology was designed by MF. Formal analysis was achieved by GS. Writing—original draft preparation was carried out by GR-C: writing, review, and editing were executed by SP and GR-C. Supervision was carried out by JCM and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rodolfo Morales-Avalos.

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Each author certifies that neither he or she, nor any member of his or her immediate family, has funding or commercial associations (consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. Each author certifies that his or her institution approved the human protocol for this investigation and that all investigations were conducted in conformity with ethical principles of research.

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This study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the "Quiron" Hospital Group in Barcelona Spain with the registration number LCA-2017-01.

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Perelli, S., Morales-Avalos, R., Formagnana, M. et al. Lateral extraarticular tenodesis improves stability in non-anatomic ACL reconstructed knees: in vivo kinematic analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 30, 1958–1966 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-021-06854-8

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