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Shoulder manual muscle resistance test cannot fully detect muscle weakness

Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy volume 25, pages 2081–2088 (2017)Cite this article

Abstract

Purpose

The shoulder manual resistance test is one of the common clinical assessments for patients with muscle weakness. However, there have been no studies investigating the threshold for muscle weakness. The purpose of this study was to clarify the threshold for muscle weakness in the shoulder manual muscle resistance test.

Methods

Fifty-three patients (37.9 ± 20.6 years old) with either rotator cuff tear (21 patients), superior labrum anterior-to-posterior (SLAP) lesion (7 patients), or Bankart lesion (25 patients) of one shoulder were administered three manual muscle resistance tests (abduction strength, external rotation, and belly press tests). Positive results in these tests were defined as a subjective weakness in the involved shoulder compared to the opposite shoulder. Based on this result, the patients were divided into positive and negative groups. Another observer measured isometric strength using a hand-held dynamometer and calculated the side-to-side ratio. Comparing instrument measurement with manual measurement, the cut-off point, at which we can recognise that there is a side-to-side difference, was calculated by receiver operating characteristic analysis.

Results

The cases with less than 60% of the muscle strength in the contralateral shoulder were judged as positive in all examinations, whereas among the cases with 60–90% of muscle strength, there was a mixture of negative and positive determinations. The cut-off point was 78.9% in the abduction strength test, 73.8% in the external rotation test, and 84.0% in the belly press test.

Conclusion

The side-to-side difference could be manually detected, when muscle strength was less than 75–85% of that on the contralateral side. This finding suggests that it is necessary to understand the limitation of these manual tests in the case of clinical examinations. Therefore, care must be taken for the shoulder manual muscle resistance test as muscle weakness cannot be fully detected by manual measurement.

Level of evidence

Case–control study, Level IV.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Rehabilitation, JCHO Osaka Hospital, 4-2-78 Fukushima, Osaka City, Osaka, 553-0003, Japan

    Takayuki Nagatomi & Teruyoshi Nagafuchi

  2. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan

    Tatsuo Mae

  3. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, JCHO Hoshigaoka Medical Center, Hirakata, Japan

    Shin-ichi Yamada

  4. Department of Physical Therapy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan

    Koutatsu Nagai

  5. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan

    Minoru Yoneda

Authors
  1. Takayuki Nagatomi
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  2. Tatsuo Mae
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  3. Teruyoshi Nagafuchi
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  4. Shin-ichi Yamada
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  5. Koutatsu Nagai
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  6. Minoru Yoneda
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Correspondence to Minoru Yoneda.

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Conflict of interest

All of the authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.

Funding

All authors, their immediate family, and any research foundation with which they are affiliated did not receive any financial payments or other benefits from any commercial entity related to the subject of this article.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of Osaka Kosei-nenkin Hospital and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Nagatomi, T., Mae, T., Nagafuchi, T. et al. Shoulder manual muscle resistance test cannot fully detect muscle weakness. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 25, 2081–2088 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-016-4380-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-016-4380-y

Keywords

  • Abduction strength test
  • External rotation test
  • Belly press test
  • Rotator cuff tear
  • Muscle weakness
  • Cut-off point