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Prevention of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer players. Part 2: A review of prevention programs aimed to modify risk factors and to reduce injury rates

Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy volume 17, pages 859–879 (2009)Cite this article

Abstract

Soccer is the most commonly played sport in the world, with an estimated 265 million active soccer players participating in the game as on 2006. Inherent to this sport is the higher risk of injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) relative to other sports. ACL injury causes a significant loss of time from competition in soccer, which has served as the strong impetus to conduct research that focuses to determine the risk factors for injury, and more importantly, to identify and teach techniques to reduce this injury in the sport. This research emphasis has afforded a rapid influx of literature aimed to report the effects of neuromuscular training on the risk factors and the incidence of non-contact ACL injury in high-risk soccer populations. The purpose of the current review is to sequence the most recent literature relating the effects of prevention programs that were developed to alter risk factors associated with non-contact ACL injuries and to reduce the rate of non-contact ACL injuries in soccer players. To date there is no standardized intervention program established for soccer to prevent non-contact ACL injuries. Multi-component programs show better results than single-component preventive programs to reduce the risk and incidence of non-contact ACL injuries in soccer players. Lower extremity plyometrics, dynamic balance and strength, stretching, body awareness and decision-making, and targeted core and trunk control appear to be successful training components to reduce non-contact ACL injury risk factors (decrease landing forces, decrease varus/valgus moments, and increase effective muscle activation) and prevent non-contact ACL injuries in soccer players, especially in female athletes. Pre-season injury prevention combined with an in-season maintenance program may be advocated to prevent injury. Compliance may in fact be the limiting factor to the overall success of ACL injury interventions targeted to soccer players regardless of gender. Thus, interventional research must also consider techniques to improve compliance especially at the elite levels which will likely influence trickle down effects to sub-elite levels. Future research is also needed for male soccer athletes to help determine the most effective intervention to reduce the non-contact ACL injury risk factors and to prevent non-contact ACL injuries.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Professor Rodrigo C Miralles, from Universitat Rovira i Virgili and Hospital de Sant Joan, Reus, for his excellent contributions, helpful comments and interesting suggestions on this topic. We would also like to thank Dr. Gerard Moras for his advice and critical reading of the manuscript. One author (GDM) would like to acknowledge funding support from National Institutes of Health Grants R01-AR049735 and R01-AR055563.

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No conflict of interest is declared.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Artroscopia G.C., Dr. Ramón Cugat’s Office, Hospital Quirón, Plaza Alfonso Comín 5-7, 08023, Barcelona, Spain

    Eduard Alentorn-Geli, Gonzalo Samitier, Cristina Lázaro-Haro & Ramón Cugat

  2. Sports Medicine Biodynamics Center and Human Performance Laboratory, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Gregory D. Myer

  3. Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, UT, USA

    Gregory D. Myer

  4. Santa Monica Orthopaedic Sports Medicine/Research Foundation, Santa Monica, CA, USA

    Holly J. Silvers

  5. Physical Therapy School, Blanquerna University, Barcelona, Spain

    Daniel Romero

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  1. Eduard Alentorn-Geli
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Correspondence to Eduard Alentorn-Geli.

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Alentorn-Geli, E., Myer, G.D., Silvers, H.J. et al. Prevention of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer players. Part 2: A review of prevention programs aimed to modify risk factors and to reduce injury rates. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 17, 859–879 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-009-0823-z

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Keywords

  • Prevention
  • Non-contact ACL injury
  • Soccer