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The origin of galactic cosmic rays

The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review volume 21, Article number: 70 (2013) Cite this article

Abstract

One century ago Viktor Hess carried out several balloon flights that led him to conclude that the penetrating radiation responsible for the discharge of electroscopes was of extraterrestrial origin. One century from the discovery of this phenomenon seems to be a good time to stop and think about what we have understood about Cosmic Rays. The aim of this review is to illustrate the ideas that have been and are being explored in order to account for the observable quantities related to cosmic rays and to summarize the numerous new pieces of observation that are becoming available. In fact, despite the possible impression that development in this field is somewhat slow, the rate of new discoveries in the last decade or so has been impressive, and mainly driven by beautiful pieces of observation. At the same time scientists in this field have been able to propose new, fascinating ways to investigate particle acceleration inside the sources, making use of multifrequency observations that range from the radio, to the optical, to X-rays and gamma rays. These ideas can now be confronted with data.

I will mostly focus on supernova remnants as the most plausible sources of Galactic cosmic rays, and I will review the main aspects of the modern theory of diffusive particle acceleration at supernova remnant shocks, with special attention for the dynamical reaction of accelerated particles on the shock and the phenomenon of magnetic field amplification at the shock. Cosmic-ray escape from the sources is discussed as a necessary step to determine the spectrum of cosmic rays at the Earth. The discussion of these theoretical ideas will always proceed parallel to an account of the data being collected especially in X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy.

In the end of this review I will also discuss the phenomenon of cosmic-ray acceleration at shocks propagating in partially ionized media and the implications of this phenomenon in terms of width of the Balmer line emission. This field of research has recently experienced a remarkable growth, in that Hα lines have been found to bear information on the cosmic-ray acceleration efficiency of supernova shocks.

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Notes

  1. Presentation by S. Ting at the 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio De Janeiro, July 2013.

  2. This does not need to be so: for instance in the case of the non-resonant instability discussed by Caprioli et al. 2010a, magnetic field amplification may be effective, and yet the modes are almost purely growing, namely with very low phase velocity.

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Acknowledgements

The author is grateful to his friends and colleagues in the Arcetri High Energy Astrophysics Group, R. Aloisio, E. Amato, R. Bandiera, N. Bucciantini, G. Morlino, O. Petruk for daily discussions on everything, as well as to D. Caprioli and P.D. Serpico for continuous collaboration and to Tom Gaisser for providing Fig. 1. The author is also grateful to Tony Bell for a long discussion at the Aspen Center for Physics. This work was completed while at the Aspen Center for Physics, supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHYS-1066293, by the Simons Foundation and by PRIN INAF 2010.

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  1. INAF/Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi, 5, 50125, Firenze, Italy

    Pasquale Blasi

  2. INFN/Gran Sasso Science Institute, Viale F. Crispi, 7, 67100, L’Aquila, Italy

    Pasquale Blasi

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Blasi, P. The origin of galactic cosmic rays. Astron Astrophys Rev 21, 70 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-013-0070-7

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Keywords

  • Cosmic rays
  • Acceleration