Abstract
This paper presents a structural topology optimization method using moving wide Bezier components with constrained ends. In the proposed method, components which are determined by using Bezier curves with a certain width are regarded as design units. These wide Bezier curves are represented by using level set functions. The control points of such wide Bezier curves are taken as design variables. In addition, based on that principle, in order to form one single connected load-bearing structure, the loading, supporting, and/or some other functional interactions must be connected. This is achieved by constraining the ends of the utilized wide Bezier curves which can essentially avoid any structurally invalid designs and thereby smooth the optimization process. The validity of the proposed method is tested on the stiffness and the compliant mechanisms design problem.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig9_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig10_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig11_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig12_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig13_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig14_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig15_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig16_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig17_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig18_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig19_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig20_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig21_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig22_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig23_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00158-021-02853-y/MediaObjects/158_2021_2853_Fig24_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allaire G, Jouve F, Toader A-M (2004) Structural optimization using sensitivity analysis and a level-set method. J Comput Phys 194:363–393
Andreassen E, Clausen A, Schevenels M, Lazarov BS, Sigmund O (2011) Efficient topology optimization in MATLAB using 88 lines of code. Struct Multidiscip Optim 43:1–16
Aulig N, Olhofer M (2016) Evolutionary computation for topology optimization of mechanical structures: an overview of representations. In: 2016 IEEE Congress on evolutionary computation (CEC). IEEE, pp 1948–1955
Bendsœ MP, Kikuchi N (1988) Generating optimal topologies in structural design using a homogenization method. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 71:197–224
Bendsœ M. P., Sigmund O (2003) Topology optimization, theory, methods and applications. Springer, Berlin
Boichot R, Fan Y (2016) A genetic algorithm for topology optimization of area-to-point heat conduction problem. Int J Therm Sci 108:209–217
Chen S, Wang M (2007) Designing distributed compliant mechanisms with characteristic stiffness. In: International design engineering technical conferences and computers and information in engineering conference, vol 48094. pp 33–45
Deaton JD, Grandhi RV (2014) A survey of structural and multidisciplinary continuum topology optimization: post 2000. Struct Multidiscip Optim 49:1–38
Dehghani T, Moghanlou FS, Vajdi M, Asl MS, Shokouhimehr M, Mohammadi M (2020) Mixing enhancement through a micromixer using topology optimization. Chem Eng Res Des 161:187–196
Ferrari F, Sigmund O (2020) A new generation 99 line Matlab code for compliance topology optimization and its extension to 3D. Struct Multidiscip Optim 62:2211–2228
Guo X, Zhang W, Zhang J, Yuan J (2016) Explicit structural topology optimization based on moving morphable components (mmc) with curved skeletons. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 310:711–748
Hoang VN, Jang GW (2017) Topology optimization using moving morphable bars for versatile thickness control. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 317:153–173
Hoang VN, Nguyen-Xuan H (2020) Extruded-geometric-component-based 3D topology optimization. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 371:113293
Hoang VN, Tran P, Nguyen NL, Hackl K, Nguyen-Xuan H (2020a) Adaptive concurrent topology optimization of coated structures with nonperiodic infill for additive manufacturing. Comput-Aided Des 102918
Hoang VN, Tran P, Vu VT, Nguyen-Xuan H (2020b) Design of lattice structures with direct multiscale topology optimization. Compos Struct 252:112718
Jiang L, Chen S (2017) Parametric structural shape & topology optimization with a variational distance-regularized level set method. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 321:316–336
Kim C, Jung M, Yamada T, Nishiwaki S, Yoo J (2020) Freefem++ code for reaction-diffusion equation–based topology optimization: for high-resolution boundary representation using adaptive mesh refinement. Struct Multidiscip Optim 1–17
Kumar P, Sauer RA, Saxena A (2020) On topology optimization of large deformation contact-aided shape morphing compliant mechanisms. Mech Mach Theory 156:104135
Lazarov BS, Wang F, Sigmund O (2016) Length scale and manufacturability in density-based topology optimization. Arch Appl Mech 86:189–218
Liu J, Ma Y (2016) A survey of manufacturing oriented topology optimization methods. Adv Eng Softw 100:161–175
Nguyen TT, Bæ rentzen JA, Sigmund O, Aage N (2020) Efficient hybrid topology and shape optimization combining implicit and explicit design representations. Struct Multidiscipl Optim 62:1061–1069
Osher S, Fedkiw R (2006) Level set methods and dynamic implicit surfaces, vol 153. Springer Science & Business Media, New York
Osher S, Santosa F (2001) Level set methods for optimization problems involving geometry and constraints: I. frequencies of a two-density inhomogeneous drum. J Comput Phys 171:272–288
Osher S, Sethian JA (1988) Fronts propagating with curvature-dependent speed: algorithms based on hamilton-jacobi formulations. J Comput Phys 79:12–49
Qu X, Pagaldipti N, Fleury R, Saiki J (2016) Thermal topology optimization in optistruct software. In: 17th AIAA/ISSMO Multidisciplinary analysis and optimization conference, p 3829
Rozvany GIN, Bendsœ M.P., Kirsch U (1995) Layout optimization of structures. Appl Mech Rev 48:41–119
Rozvany GIN (2009) A critical review of established methods of structural topology optimization. Struct Multidiscip Optim 37:217–237
Schramm U, Zhou M (2006) Recent developments in the commercial implementation of topology optimization. In: IUTAM symposium on topological design optimization of structures, machines and materials. Springer, pp 239–248
Sigmund O (2007) Morphology-based black and white filters for topology optimization. Struct Multidiscip Optim 33:401–424
Sigmund O (2011) On the usefulness of non-gradient approaches in topology optimization. Struct Multidiscip Optim 43:589–596
Sigmund O, Petersson J (1998) Numerical instabilities in topology optimization: a survey on procedures dealing with checkerboards, mesh-dependencies and local minima. Struct Optim 16:68–75
Svanberg K (1987) The method of moving asymptotes: a new method for structural optimization. Int J Numer Methods Eng 24:359– 373
Tai K, Chee T (2000) Design of structures and compliant mechanisms by evolutionary optimization of morphological representations of topology. J Mech Des 122:560–566
van Dijk NP, Maute K, Langelaar M, Van Keulen F (2013) Level-set methods for structural topology optimization: a review. Struct Multidiscip Optim 48:437–472
Wang N, Zhang X (2012) Compliant mechanisms design based on pairs of curves. Sci China Technol Sci 55:2099–2106
Wang M, Wang X, Guo D (2003a) A level set method for structural topology optimization. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 192:227–246
Wang M, Wang XM, Guo DM (2003b) A level set method for structural topology optimization. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 192:227–246
Wang R, Zhang X, Zhu B (2019) Imposing minimum length scale in moving morphable component (mmc)-based topology optimization using an effective connection status (ecs) control method. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 351:667–693
Wang H, Liu J, Wen G (2020) An efficient evolutionary structural optimization method for multi-resolution designs. Struct Multidiscip Optim 1–17
Wein F, Dunning PD, Norato JA (2020) A review on feature-mapping methods for structural optimization. Struct Multidiscip Optim 62:1597–1638
Xia L, Xia Q, Huang X, Xie YM (2018) Bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization on advanced structures and materials: a comprehensive review. Arch Comput Methods Eng 25:437–478
Xie X, Wang S, Xu M, Jiang N, Wang Y (2020) A hierarchical spline based isogeometric topology optimization using moving morphable components. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 360:112696
Xu G, Zhang W, Zhong W (2014) Doing topology optimization explicitly and geometrically a new moving morphable components based framework. J Appl Mech 81:081009
Yamada T, Izui K, Nishiwaki S, Takezawa A (2010) A topology optimization method based on the level set method incorporating a fictitious interface energy. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 199:2876–2891
Yamasaki S, Nishiwaki S, Yamada T, Izui K, Yoshimura M (2010) A structural optimization method based on the level set method using a new geometry-based re-initialization scheme. Int J Numer Methods Eng 83:1580–1624
Yang H, Huang J (2020) An explicit structural topology optimization method based on the descriptions of areas. Struct Multidiscip Optim 61:1123–1156
Yoshimura M, Shimoyama K, Misaka T, Obayashi S (2017) Topology optimization of fluid problems using genetic algorithm assisted by the kriging model. Int J Numer Methods Eng 109:514–532
Yu M, Ruan S, Wang X, Li Z, Shen C (2019) Topology optimization of thermal-fluid problem using the mmc-based approach. Struct Multidiscip Optim 60:151–165
Zhan J, Luo Y (2019) Robust topology optimization of hinge-free compliant mechanisms with material uncertainties based on a non-probabilistic field model. Front Mech Eng 14:201– 212
Zhang W, Yuan J, Zhang J, Guo X (2016a) A new topology optimization approach based on moving morphable components (mmc) and the ersatz material model. Struct Multidiscip Optim 53:1243–1260
Zhang W, Li D, Zhang J, Guo X (2016b) Minimum length scale control in structural topology optimization based on the moving morphable components (mmc) approach. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 311:327–355
Zhang W, Song J, Zhou J, Du Z, Zhu Y, Sun Z, Guo X (2018a) Topology optimization with multiple materials via moving morphable component (MMC) method. Int J Numer Methods Eng 113:1653–1675. Tex.ids: zhangtopology, zhangtopologya
Zhang W, Li D, Zhou J, Du Z, Li B, Guo X (2018b) (A moving morphable void (mmv)-based explicit approach for topology optimization considering stress constraints. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 334:381–413
Zhang W, Song J, Zhou J, Du Z, Zhu Y, Sun Z, Guo X (2018c) Topology optimization with multiple materials via moving morphable component (mmc) method. Int J Numer Methods Eng 113:1653–1675
Zhang W, Li D, Kang P, Guo X, Youn SK (2019) Explicit topology optimization using iga-based moving morphable void (mmv) approach. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 360:112685
Zhou H, Ting K-L (2005) Shape and size synthesis of compliant mechanisms using wide curve theory. J Mech Des 128:551–558
Zhu B, Zhang X, Wang N (2013) Topology optimization of hinge-free compliant mechanisms with multiple outputs using level set method. Struct Multidiscip Optim 47:659–672
Zhu B, Zhang X, Fatikow S (2015) Structural topology and shape optimization using a level set method with distance-suppression scheme. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 283:1214– 1239
Zhu J-H, Zhang W-H, Xia L (2016) Topology optimization in aircraft and aerospace structures design. Arch Comput Methods Eng 23:595–622
Zhu B, Chen Q, Wang R, Zhang X (2018) Structural topology optimization using a moving morphable component-based method considering geometrical nonlinearity. J Mech Des 140
Zhu B, Zhang X, Zhang H, Liang J, Zang H, Li H, Wang R (2020a) Design of compliant mechanisms using continuum topology optimization: a review. Mech Mach Theory 143:103622
Zhu B, Zhang X, Li H, Liang J, Wang R, Li H, Nishiwaki S (2020b) An 89-line code for geometrically nonlinear topology optimization written in freefem. Struct Multidiscip Optim 1–13
Funding
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51975216, 51820105007), the scholarship provided by JSPS (The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science), the Pearl River Nova Program of Guangzhou (201906010061), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Replication of results
The current work has participated in some confidential projects. Although the specific codes cannot be disclosed at present, readers can contact meblzhu@scut.edu.cn to obtain the basic code for educational purpose only. The details of the proposed method and the necessary parameters are all included in the paper, so the readers may also reproduce the results by modifying the standard moving morphable component (MMC) program.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Xu Guo
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhu, B., Wang, R., Wang, N. et al. Explicit structural topology optimization using moving wide Bezier components with constrained ends. Struct Multidisc Optim 64, 53–70 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-021-02853-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-021-02853-y