Abstract
This article provides an overview of planning the steps required to conduct a scientific study. In order to conduct a study safely, reliably, and ethically, planning is an essential aspect of the research process. It is the foundation of scientific research and helps scientists determine the scope of the study, identify research questions or hypotheses, select appropriate methods, and obtain an overview of necessary resources and requirements before the study begins, to avoid errors later on.
Zusammenfassung
Dieser Artikel bietet eine Übersicht über die Planung der einzelnen Schritte zur Durchführung einer wissenschaftlichen Studie. Die Planung ist ein wesentlicher Aspekt des Forschungsprozesses, um eine Studie sicher, zuverlässig und ethisch einwandfrei durchzuführen. Sie ist die Grundlage wissenschaftlicher Forschung und hilft Wissenschaftlern, den Umfang der Studie festzulegen, Forschungsfragen oder Hypothesen zu identifizieren, geeignete Methoden auszuwählen und einen Überblick über erforderliche Ressourcen und Anforderungen vor Beginn der Studie zu beschaffen, um Fehler im späteren Studienverlauf zu vermeiden.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akobeng AK (2005) Understanding randomised controlled trials. Arch Dis Child 90(8):840–844
Altman DG (1980) Statistics and ethics in medical research. Misuse of statistics is unethical. Br Med J 281(6249:1182–1184
Altman DG (1991) Ebscohost. Practical statistics for medical research, 1st edn. Chapman and Hall, London ; New York
Aslam A, Imanullah S, Asim M, El-Menyar A. Registration of Clinical Trials (2013) Is it Really Needed? N Am J Med Sci 5(12):713–715
Dettori J (2010) The random allocation process: two things you need to know. Evid Based Spine Care J 1(3):7–9
Eng J (2003) Sample size estimation: how many individuals should be studied? Radiology 227(2):309–313
Faller H (2004) Significance, effect size, and confidence interval. Rehabil (stuttg) 43(3):174–178
Farrokhyar F, Reddy D, Poolman RW, Bhandari M (2013) Why perform a priori sample size calculation? Can J Surg 56(3):207–213
Halpern SD, Karlawish JH, Berlin JA (2002) The continuing unethical conduct of underpowered clinical trials. JAMA 288(3):358–362
Krummenauer F, Kauczor HU (2002) Sample size determination in reference-controlled diagnostic trials. Rofo 174(11):1438–1444
Machin D, Machin D (1997) Sample size tables for clinical studies, 2nd edn. England ; Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Oxford
May WW (1975) The composition and function of ethical committees. J Med Ethics 1(1:23–29
Misra S (2012) Randomized double blind placebo control studies, the “Gold Standard” in intervention based studies. Indian J Sex Transm Dis Aids 33(2):131–134
Moher D, Dulberg CS, Wells GA (1994) Statistical power, sample size, and their reporting in randomized controlled trials. JAMA 272(2):122–124
Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF et al (2012) CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Int J Surg 10(1):28–55
Nardini C (2014) The ethics of clinical trials. ecancer 8:387
Palmer CR (1993) Ethics and statistical methodology in clinical trials. J Med Ethics 19(4):219–222
Sackett DL (1979) Bias in analytic research. J Chronic Dis 32(1–2:51–63
Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM, Gray JA, Haynes RB, Richardson WS (1996) Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. BMJ 312(7023):71–72
Schäfer HBJ, Biebler K‑E et al (1999) Empfehlungen für die Erstellung von Studienprotokollen (Studienplänen) für klinische Studien. Inform Biometrie Epidemiol Medizin Biol 30:141–154
Shore BJ, Nasreddine AY, Kocher MS (2012) Overcoming the funding challenge: the cost of randomized controlled trials in the next decade. J Bone Joint Surg Am 94(Suppl 1):101–106
Suresh K (2011) An overview of randomization techniques: An unbiased assessment of outcome in clinical research. J Hum Reprod Sci 4(1):8–11
Vavken P (2011) Rationale for and methods of superiority, noninferiority, or equivalence designs in orthopaedic, controlled trials. Clin Orthop Relat Res 469(9):2645–2653
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Consortia
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
L. Eggeling and the AGA Research Committee declare that they have no competing interests.
For this article no studies with human participants or animals were performed by any of the authors. All studies mentioned were in accordance with the ethical standards indicated in each case.
Additional information
Redaktion
D. Günther, Köln
E. Herbst, Münster
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Scan QR code & read article online
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Eggeling, L., the AGA Research Committee. Study planning—what must be considered?. Arthroskopie (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00142-024-00686-7
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00142-024-00686-7