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Surgical management of degenerative meniscus lesions

The 2016 ESSKA meniscus consensus

Chirurgische Versorgung degenerativer Meniskusläsionen

Der Meniskus-Konsensus der ESSKA 2016

  • Konsensuspapier
  • Published:
Arthroskopie Aims and scope

Abstract

Purpose

A degenerative meniscus lesion is a slowly developing process typically involving a horizontal cleavage in a middle-aged or older person. When the knee is symptomatic, arthroscopic partial meniscectomy has been practised for a long time with many case series reporting improved patient outcomes. Since 2002, several randomised clinical trials demonstrated no additional benefit of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy compared to non-operative treatment, sham surgery or sham arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. These results introduced controversy in the medical community and made clinical decision-making challenging in the daily clinical practice. To facilitate the clinical decision-making process, a consensus was developed. This initiative was endorsed by ESSKA.

Methods

A degenerative meniscus lesion was defined as a lesion occurring without any history of significant acute trauma in a patient older than 35 years. Congenital lesions, traumatic meniscus tears and degenerative lesions occurring in young patients, especially in athletes, were excluded. The project followed the so-called formal consensus process. A total of 84 surgeons and scientists from 22 European countries were included in the process. Twenty questions, their associated answers and an algorithm based on extensive literature review and clinical expertise, were proposed. Each question and answer set was graded according to the scientific level of the corresponding literature.

Results

The main finding was that arthroscopic partial meniscectomy should not be proposed as a first line of treatment for degenerative meniscus lesions. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy should only be considered after a proper standardised clinical and radiological evaluation and when the response to non-operative management has not been satisfactory. MRI of the knee is typically not indicated in the first-line work-up, but knee radiography should be used as an imaging tool to support a diagnosis of osteoarthritis or to detect rare pathologies, such as tumours or fractures of the knee.

Discussion

The present work offers a clear framework for the management of degenerative meniscus lesions, with the aim to balance information extracted from the scientific evidence and clinical expertise. Because of biases and weaknesses of the current literature and lack of definition of important criteria, it cannot be considered as an exact treatment algorithm. It summarises the results of the “ESSKA Meniscus Consensus Project” and is the first official European consensus on this topic. The consensus may be updated and refined as more high-quality evidence emerges.

Level of evidence

I.

Zusammenfassung

Zielsetzung

Eine degenerative Meniskusläsion (DM) entwickelt sich über einen langsam verlaufenden Prozess, der typischerweise mit einer horizontalen Rissbildung bei Personen mittleren oder höheren Alters einhergeht. Bei symptomatischen Kniebeschwerden und degenerativen Meniskusläsionen wird häufig eine arthroskopische Meniskusteilresektion (AMR) durchgeführt. In diesem Zusammenhang berichten diverse Fallserien von signifikant verbesserten klinischen Ergebnissen. Seit 2002 wurden mehrere randomisierte Studien durchgeführt, die gezeigt haben, dass nach konservativer und arthroskopischer Therapie bei bestimmten Patienten vergleichbare Ergebnisse erreicht werden können. Diese Ergebnisse haben eine kontroverse Debatte ausgelöst. Mit der europäischen Konsensusinitiative der ESSKA wurden die Ergebnisse wissenschaftlicher Studien und die Erfahrungen von Experten ausgewertet, mit dem Ziel, eine Empfehlung zur Behandlung der degenerativen Meniskusläsion im klinischen Alltag zu geben.

Methoden

Eine DM wurde als Läsion definiert, die bei über 35-jährigen Patienten ohne relevantes akutes Trauma in der Anamnese auftritt. Das Projekt folgte einem formalisierten Konsensusverfahren. Es waren 84 Chirurgen und Wissenschaftler aus 22 europäischen Ländern beteiligt. Zwanzig Fragen und die dazugehörigen Antworten, basierend auf einer ausführlichen Literaturrecherche und auf der klinischen Erfahrung, wurden erarbeitet. Die Antworten zu den Fragen wurden von einer internationalen Expertengruppe bewertet, woraus eine Konsensusmeinung gebildet wurde.

Ergebnisse

Eine DM benötigt häufig keine arthroskopische Resektion in erster Instanz, sondern sollte eine konservative Behandlung erfahren. Eine AMR sollte nur nach einer sachgemäßen standardisierten klinischen und radiologischen Beurteilung erwogen werden, wenn das Ansprechen auf die nichtoperative Behandlung unbefriedigend ist. Eine Knie-MRT ist oftmals nicht als primäre Bildgebung indiziert, sondern man sollte zuerst eine Röntgenuntersuchung durchführen, um die Diagnose der Arthrose zu stellen oder um andere pathologische Befunde, wie Tumoren, Knochenmarködeme oder Osteonekrosen, zu diagnostizieren.

Diskussion

Die Empfehlung bietet einen klaren Rahmen für die konservative und arthroskopische Versorgung von DM. Ziel war es, eine Balance zwischen den aus wissenschaftlicher Evidenz gewonnenen Informationen und der klinischen Erfahrung herzustellen. Die aktuelle Literatur weist Verzerrungen und Schwächen auf, zudem mangelt es an Definitionen wichtiger Kriterien. Daher lässt sich die Arbeit nicht als exakter Behandlungsalgorithmus betrachten, sondern stellt eine Empfehlung dar. Letztendlich obliegen dem behandelnden Arzt die Wahl der konservativen Therapie und die Entscheidung zur operativen Versorgung. Das Ergebnis des ESSKA Meniskus Konsensus Projekts ist der erste offizielle europäische Konsensus zu dieser Thematik. Der Konsensus wird aktualisiert und überarbeitet, wenn neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse hinzukommen.

Evidenzgrad

I.

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Notes

  1. The benefit or risk of corticoid intra-articular injection has to be discussed regarding the risk of hidden osteonecrosis. Efficacy of hyaluronic acid injection is controversial.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to deeply thank the participants of the initiative. Members of the steering group S. Kopf (Germany), M. Ollivier (France), M. Englund (Sweden), R. Verdonk (Belgium), N. Darabos (Croatia), A. Gokeler (The Netherlands), M. Hirschmann (Switzerland), C. Hulet (France), T. Järvelä (Finland), H. Mayr (Germany), P. Ntagiopoulos (Greece), H. Pereira (Portugal), N. Rotigliano (Italy); Members of the rating group H. Aagaard (Denmark), B. Barenius (Sweden), T. De Coninck (Belgium), D. Dejour (France), M. Denti (Italy), J. Espregueira-Mendes (Portugal), C. Fink (Austria), P. Gelber (Spain), A. Georgoulis (Greece), J. Höher (Germany), M. Karahan (Turkey), J. Menetrey (Switzerland), J.C. Monllau (Spain), R. Müller-Rath (Germany), D. Popescu (Spain), N. Pujol (France), P. Randelli (Italy), R. Seil (Luxembourg), B. Sonnery-Cottet (France), A. Van Haver (Belgium), T. van Tienen (The Netherlands), P. Verdonk (Belgium), A. Williams (UK), S. Zaffagnini (Italy); Members of the peer-review group F. Abat (Spain), A. Achtnich (Germany), A. Ajuied (UK), S. Anand (UK), F. Buscayret (France), S. Dimmen (Norway), F. Dirisamer (Austria), A. Espejo Baena (Spain), F. Franceschi (Italy), B. Giovanni (Italy), A. Grassi (Italy), M. Grle (Bosnia Herzegovina), M. Haspl (Croatia), S. Herman (France), J. Hernandez (Spain), I. Hetsroni (Israël), M. Iosifidis (Greece), A. Itala (Finland), H. Jones (Portugal), N. Kise (Norway), C. Latterman (Germany), M. Lind (Denmark), I. Medenica (Serbia), D. Meuffels (The Netherlands), S. Mogos (Romania), P. Niemeyer (Germany), S. Palija (Bosnia,Herzegovina), A. Panagopoulos (Greece), R. Parkinson (UK), X. Pelfort (Spain), W. Petersen (Germany), A. Porteus (UK), A. Price (UK), M. Ronga (Italy), X. Roussignol (France), P. Sillanpää (Finland), A. Silva (Portugal), M. Thaunat (France), T. Tischer (Germany), P. Thoreux (France), N. Vadzyuk (Ukraine), E. Van Arkel (The Netherlands), G. Versier (France), P. Volpi (Italy), M. Wyman Rathcke (Denmark), S. Zaffagnini (Italy). Further acknowledgements include Mrs Anna Hansen from the ESSKA Office for logistical support, Mr. Daniel Theisen (Luxembourg) and Mr. Neil Thomas (UK) for scientific and editorial support.

Funding

This study was funded by ESSKA.

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Correspondence to R. Seil.

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Conflict of interest

P. Beaufils: Occasional Education Consultant for Zimmer and Biomet, and Smith and Nephew. Chief Editor of Orthopaedics and Traumatology: Surgery and Research; R. Becker: Deputy Editor-in-Chief of KSSTA, Education Consultant for Mathys, Wolf; M. Ollivier: No conflict with the present manuscript. S. Kopf: web-editor of KSSTA; M. Englund: Board member of Osteoarthritis Research Society International and the Swedish Cruciate Ligament Register; R. Seil: President of ESSKA.

This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Der Beitrag „Surgical management of degenerativ meniscus lesions: the 2016 ESSKA meniscus consensus“ wurde bereits als Open-Access-Beitrag in der Zeitschrift Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy publiziert: KSSTA (2017) 25:335–346. DOI 10.1007/s00167-016-4407-4.

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Beaufils, P., Becker, R., Kopf, S. et al. Surgical management of degenerative meniscus lesions. Arthroskopie 30, 128–137 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00142-017-0129-y

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